特朗普加密税制改革:路在何方?

深潮TechFlowPublished on 2025-04-17Last updated on 2025-04-17

Abstract

美国加密货币投资者翘首以盼一个零资本利得税的美好新世界,但是呈现在眼前的却是关税政策冲击造成的一片混乱。


撰文:FinTax


新闻概述


新闻一:美国总统特朗普于 2025 年 4 月 10 日签署了一项国会联合决议,推翻了拜登政府时期的一项规定,该规定要求去中心化金融(DeFi)协议向美国税务机关——国税局报告相关信息。根据原规定,DeFi 平台,如去中心化交易所,需提交其加密货币销售的总收益,并提供参与交易者的详细信息。


新闻来源:https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/04/07/president-trump-signs-resolution-erasing-irs-crypto-rule-targeting-defi


新闻二:埃里克·特朗普(Eric Trump)最近(2025 年 1 月)提到,XRP 和 HBAR 等美国加密项目很快将不征收资本利得税。这意味着这些项目的投资者在兑现加密货币以获取利润时可以花费更少的钱。然而,位于美国境外的加密项目反而会面临 30% 的高额资本利得税。此举可能有助于为美国带来更多的加密创新,并为国内项目提供巨大的比较优势。


新闻来源:https://www.ifcreview.com/news/2025/january/us-eric-trump-announces-zero-tax-for-us-crypto-investors/


FinTax 观点


在 2022 年之前,特朗普一直是加密货币的批评者。2019 年,特朗普曾将比特币称为「骗局」,并通过将加密货币称为「凭空创造的钱」来表示对加密资产的怀疑。然而,2022 年特朗普对加密货币的立场发生了彻底转变,当年 12 月,他推出了以自己为主题的 NFT,抓住了牛市和 NFT 热潮的余波,赚取了数百万美元的收益,自此以后,特朗普从加密货币的公开批评者转变为积极参与者。到 2024 年,他成为了第一位接受加密货币捐赠的美国总统候选人,并列出了促进加密货币行业增长的一系列承诺,在竞选中打起了「加密牌」。数日前,特朗普签署了美国首个成为法律的加密货币法案,正式废除此前美国国税局发布的 DeFi 经纪人税务报告规则,而在该规则发布之初,加密行业普遍认为这将会对 DeFi 生态乃至整个加密行业带来重创。事实上,早在竞选本届总统期间,特朗普就承诺对加密货币相关制度进行大刀阔斧的改革,而在本届任期开始后,无论是监管部门的人事变动,还是相关规定的逐步出台,再或者是授权发行 $Trump,都说明特朗普正在履行竞选承诺,对加密货币展现出积极拥抱、乐于促进的态度。


当前美国加密货币投资者正面临较大的税收压力。在美国,短期持有(不满 1 年)的加密货币需缴纳高达 37% 的资本利得税,而挖矿收益、质押收益以及空投收益均被美国国税局视为普通收入征税。同时,美国的加密货币税收制度相对复杂,个人和企业都需花费更多时间和资源完成税务申报,税务合规成本较高。自 2025 年初以来,有关特朗普将降低加密货币税率的传闻便不绝于耳,如新闻中所说,特朗普的儿子埃里克·特朗普(EricTrump)曾高调宣称对 XRP、HBAR 等「美国本土项目」实施零资本利得税,而非美国本土项目将面临 30% 的资本利得税。然而,数月以来,面临舆论造势和行业期待,相关传闻却一直没有成真,特别是在 3 月 7 日的白宫加密货币峰会上,特朗普仍未如外界预期那般,宣布对加密货币税收制度进行大规模改革,甚至是在加密货币监管制度方面,特朗普的相关举措也被认为力度不足,更多只是说明监管态度的转变。甚至,尽管本次废除 DeFi 经纪人税务报告规则对于加密行业的持续发展意义重大,但是这实质上是一种被动式的消极措施,主要涉及税收程序,其本身并非主动实施的减免税政策。


特朗普的「沉默」背后折射出多重现实因素。第一,尽管相关加密税改承诺引发市场短期狂欢,但其政策落地面临根本性法律障碍。美国宪法第一条第八款明确规定「征税权由国会独享」,总统无权单方面调整税率。Cinneamhain Ventures 合伙人 Adam Cochran 更是直接尖锐指出:「……这(指特朗普宣布调整加密货币相关税率)并不比我宣称自己是一块纸杯蛋糕更有效。」第二,民主与共和两党的博弈从联邦延伸到各州各地方,特朗普的任何改革都需要克服民主党的重重干扰和阻碍,特别是在税收这类重大议题方面,相关减免税法案可能面临漫长的拉锯战。第三,当前阶段,特朗普政府主要聚焦于推翻拜登政府对加密行业的系列打压政策,特别是明确表示支持国会通过立法为加密货币行业提供监管确定性。这说明特朗普政府更倾向于通过整体政策(如监管松绑)表示对加密行业的支持,而非触碰法律禁区(如免税立法)。这种策略既能规避与国会的直接冲突,又能以「反建制」叙事强化加密友好形象。总之,作为一名政客,特朗普既需要履行竞选承诺以维护信誉、巩固选民基础,又需要保证自身行为的合法性与合理性,以避免不必要的麻烦,而如何从中斡旋,正是对特朗普政治智慧的考验。


特朗普曾宣布计划将美国建设为世界加密货币之都,尽管其在相关政策方面做出了诸多尝试和努力,但是随着美国对等关税引发全球金融市场动荡,加密货币几乎抹去了自去年底特朗普胜选以来的全部涨幅。CoinGecko 数据显示,在特朗普宣布暂停对等关税措施之前,加密货币总市值一度下跌约 12%,至 2.47 万亿美元,几乎回到了特朗普胜选前的水平。美国加密货币投资者翘首以盼一个零资本利得税的美好新世界,但是呈现在眼前的却是关税政策冲击造成的一片混乱,这不禁让人困惑:特朗普的加密税制改革,究竟路在何方?

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