2024涨势最好的大类资产:比特币、黄金、美股和中国长债

华尔街日报Published on 2024-12-30Last updated on 2026-07-10

核心观点

2024年以来,美国资产“例外论”、时代主题强化以及全球资金频繁轮动是驱动大类资产价格的三大核心因素。在不确定环境下,确定性和成长性成为了稀缺资产。资产表现来看,2024年市场延续的主线在于“寻找确定性”,宏观因素诸如美联储降息、美国大选、中国政策博弈的悬念逐一落地,对投资操作的精细度、灵活度要求更高。大类资产层面,2024年表现领先的资产包括比特币、黄金、美股和中国长债,表现落后的资产包括国内商品、欧元和原油。从行业和个股层面来看,领先资产背后蕴含着AI科技产业链、中国的情绪消费链条、不确定性环境下避险资产等长期趋势的变化。

正文

大类资产之年终盘点

2024年迎来尾声,我们对各类资产表现进行年终盘点。全球资金快速轮动,国际地缘局势动荡的环境下,确定性和成长性成为了稀缺资产,表现为强势的黄金、屡创新高的美股AI,突破了传统的估值框架。机构行为来看,市场定价权也几经易手,投资者的灵活度和配置能力凸显差异,被动和灵活资金受青睐。回顾过去的一年,我们发现资产表现背后蕴含着深刻的时代主线,金融市场见证奇迹的同时,也不乏有趣现象。

首先,宏观环境来看,全球经济都处于深刻的转型期,错位特征明显。

美国经济展现出韧性,大选之后政策不确定性增加,关注点在于经济增长和通胀的再平衡。

中国经济呈现低通胀的特征,稳增长政策持续发力下尾部风险有所降低。

日本出现再通胀迹象,日央行成为全球降息潮的逆行者,政坛动荡增加。

欧洲面临竞争力危机,经济修复弹性存在制约。

值得一提的是,西班牙成为一众发达国家中表现最好的经济体,其积极推动结构性改革,实现经济长期发展。经济学人整理了2024年37个主要是发达国家的五个经济和金融指标的数据,包括GDP、股市表现、核心通胀率、失业率和政府赤字。然后根据各经济体的表现进行排名,西班牙位居首位,其经济增长和就业增速均超过美国。产业结构方面,从传统的制造业转向重视服务业发展,通过旅游经济拉动增长。外交方面,对移民保持开放的政策,并且积极开展招商引资的工作。因此,发达的旅游业和移民就业增长对本地房价有推动作用,投资和生产也对内部经济增长有支持。

资产表现来看,2024年市场延续的主线在于“寻找确定性”,宏观因素诸如美联储降息、美国大选、中国政策博弈的悬念逐一落地,对投资操作的精细度、灵活度要求更高。2024年全球资产轮动背后蕴含的核心逻辑是:

1、美国资产“例外论”:高利率环境下美国基本面维持韧性,美股近两年持续独占领涨地位;

2、时代主题强化:全球大选年叠加地缘扰动频繁,时代背景对资产价格的影响发酵,黄金表现抢眼,而AI主题在一年多“狂奔”后开始向纵深发展,相关产业链牛股频出。

3、全球资金轮动频繁:不同资产间估值差距扩大,全球资金频繁轮动和高低切换,无论是国别之间(日印/中国),还是风格之间(美股大/小盘、国内成长/红利)。

大类资产层面,2024年表现领先的资产包括:

1)比特币:多数时期是risk on 资产,主要定价去法币化属性+特朗普上台后监管放松+严格的供给约束,美国等发达国家对加密货币接受度更高;

2)黄金:主要是risk off资产,驱动因素为国际局势动荡+美国降息周期+发达国家债务持续性问题带来美元货币体系的担忧+新兴市场央行购金,黄金价格屡创新高;

3)美国的股票:高利率环境下美国基本面维持韧性,美股也成为近两年持续领涨的资产,背后是AI科技革命带来的企业盈利增长+软着落降息潮的双轮驱动,过程中筹码拥挤阶段会经历短暂的调整;

4)中国的长债:价格信号弱+地产下行周期+货币政策宽松+机构配置压力大,国内利率持续下行,久期策略获得高资本利得。

全年表现落后的资产包括:

1)国内商品:房地产市场延续降温趋势,供需矛盾持续加剧,商品市场更多交易现实,国内黑色系商品回调明显;

2)欧元:欧洲基本面复苏节奏明显弱于美国,德国等财政整肃,存在尾部风险,比差逻辑下欧元偏弱运行。

3)原油:需求端受制于高利率环境缺乏有力驱动,供给端有OPEC以及美国潜在的增产压力,叠加特朗普交易,成为偏弱势品种。

从行业和个股层面来看,领先资产背后蕴含着长期趋势的变化:

1)AI科技产业链:ChatGPT问世后的第二年,交易从狂热逐渐回归理性,但是其普及速度远超历史上其他技术革命,具备平台优势的大型科技企业和特定垂直领域有壁垒的企业仍有明显优势。AI科技革命引发各公司的“军备竞赛”,算力需求指数级增长,硬件生产商“卖铲人”英伟达受益明显,2024年至今涨幅达到179%。此外,AI硬件向上游的电力等基础设施和下游的软件扩散,提供基础设施服务的Vistra电力公司年初至今上涨超270%。美国Mag7年初至今已录得70%涨幅,领涨美股,做多美国科技股成为24年市场最为追捧也是最为拥挤的交易主线。国内映射包括寒武纪(近涨幅超380%)以及近期AI应用“豆包”概念等。

2)中国的情绪消费链条:消费景气度有所下行的环境下,情绪消费、悦己消费、粉丝经济等细分赛道有优势和壁垒的市场空间增长强势。虽然传统消费需求持续低迷,但是以“谷子经济”为代表的悦己消费快速发展,“谷子商品”立足二次元IP,产生较高的附加值,市场空间高速增长。其中,泡泡玛特作为优势行业的龙头公司,三季度营收同比2023年增长120%~125%,且业绩连续多个季度超市场预期,全年股价上涨超过300%。

3)不确定性环境下的避险资产:过去两年的市场主线在于寻找确定性,高股息类资产比如贵金属、银行股等,成为利率下行与低风险偏好下的占优资产,寻求的是业绩的确定性。全年来看,银行板块涨幅超过40%,较沪深300超额收益近20个百分点,在各行业中位居前列。一方面或在于银行板块风险收益特征更优,获得了险资等低风险偏好资金的青睐,另一方面在于银行经营相对稳健,通过拨备调整可以平滑业绩,实现10%的ROE以及正的利润增长,在缺少市场主线行情下,成为避险资金的配置抓手。

本文作者:华泰固收张继强、何颖雯,来源:华泰证券固收研究,原文标题:《【华泰资产配置】周度复盘:大类资产之年终盘点》

张继强     S0570518110002    研究员

何颖雯     S0570522090002    研究员  

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