量子黑客来了!比特币或面临3万亿美元危机?

金十数据Published on 2024-12-23Last updated on 2026-07-10

Abstract

比特币将成为疯狂攻击的目标。

比特币的涨势面临着一个大多数加密货币投资者并不关注的风险:量子计算


本月,谷歌声称其新推出的Willow量子计算芯片取得了突破,这一新兴技术引起了人们的关注,有朝一日,黑客可能会破解保护比特币安全的加密技术。这样的黑客攻击可能会摧毁比特币的价格,因为窃贼可以从本应安全的数字钱包中盗取比特币。


研究人员表示,一种强大到足以破解比特币的量子设备可能需要十年或更长时间才会出现。尽管如此,这项技术的进步带来了长期风险,除非比特币的开发者社区在耗时的升级中加强其技术。


分析师警告说,对比特币的量子攻击可能会对传统金融市场产生有害的溢出效应
总部位于华盛顿特区的智库哈德逊研究所高级研究员阿瑟-赫尔曼(Arthur Herman)说:“如果有人获得了开发量子计算机黑客的能力,并决定利用这种能力来攻击加密货币,那么你现在拥有的就是一颗等待爆炸的定时炸弹。”


哈德逊研究所2022年的一项研究估计,如果比特币遭到量子黑客攻击,将给整个加密货币和其他市场造成超过3万亿美元的损失,并引发深度衰退


赫尔曼说,自这项研究发表以来,量子黑客可能造成的损失已经增加,因为比特币的价格已经攀升到接近10万美元,并日益成为主流投资资产。


美国当选总统特朗普承诺为政府持有的比特币建立一个战略储备库,类似于数字诺克斯堡(Fort Knox)。量子计算可以让盗贼突袭诺克斯堡。


在标准计算机中,所有数据基本上都以0或1表示,而量子计算机则不同,它利用亚原子粒子的奇特性质,以“量子比特”表示数据,“量子比特”可以存在于0和1混合的连续状态中。这使得量子计算机能够快速完成标准计算机需要花费比人类一生还要长的时间才能完成的任务。这些任务可能包括发现新药、预测天气或破解用于保护敏感数据的加密。
例如,一种常见的加密方法涉及到一个非常大的数字,称为公钥,它是两个大质数的倍数。这两个素数组合起来就能生成所谓的私人密钥。数据可以用公钥编码,用私钥解码。顾名思义,用户对自己的私人密钥保密,但公开密钥可以共享。


这种方法的优势在于,标准计算机从公开密钥推导出私人密钥需要花费大量时间,这是因为因式分解非常困难。但量子计算使因式分解更加容易。1994年,一位美国数学家设计出了一种算法,只要拥有足够强大的量子计算机,就能在几分钟内对庞大的数字进行因式分解。


这种突破不仅会威胁到比特币,也会威胁到传统金融,因为许多网上银行系统都使用公钥加密技术的变种。但安全专家警告说,比特币对量子窃贼来说可能是一个特别诱人的目标


专门从事量子安全网络安全的初创公司QuSecure的联合创始人Skip Sanzeri说:“比特币将成为疯狂攻击的目标。银行有一定的监管、防御机制和保护客户的能力,而比特币是‘狂野的西部’。如果你的比特币被盗,你的钱包是不会赔偿你的。”


虽然黑客曾经盗取过比特币,但他们的攻击一般都是在未经授权的情况下进入加密货币交易所。量子攻击将更加隐蔽,因为它将使人们对整个比特币网络的安全性产生怀疑,而不仅仅是对少数安全性较差的加密货币交易所产生怀疑。


有些比特币特别容易被量子窃取。在比特币诞生初期,比特币被存放在公开密钥暴露的地址中,其中包括据信属于比特币神秘创造者中本聪的大约100万枚比特币。据Galaxy Digital公司称,约有172万枚比特币(按当前价格计算价值超过1600亿美元)存放在这种地址中,后来这种地址被逐步淘汰。


最终,一旦量子计算机变得足够强大,所有比特币都将面临风险。这是因为黑客可以在比特币网络确认此类转移所需的10分钟窗口期内窃取从一个地址转移到另一个地址的比特币。


一些加密货币资深人士表示,比特币仍有足够的时间修复其漏洞。


Avalanche加密货币公司的创始人Emin Gün Sirer说:“在未来的某个时刻,量子世界末日肯定会到来,但距离那个时刻还有很长一段时间,因此不必恐慌。”


加密货币高管们说,比特币可以通过采用量子计算机不易破解的新型加密方式来确保其安全性,但这种彻底改革可能需要数年时间。由于比特币的去中心化特性,改变其技术需要世界各地维护其网络的人们达成广泛共识。过去的升级进展缓慢,争议不断。


即使社区就如何对比特币进行量子防护达成一致,还有另一个障碍:现有的比特币需要转移到抗量子的地址中。每个持有比特币的个人或企业都需要执行这样的转移,否则就有可能被量子窃贼盗走比特币。

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