警惕!交易“虚拟资产”被列为洗钱方式之一,谨防比特币、以太币等虚拟币成为洗钱工具

币界网Published on 2024-08-20Last updated on 2024-08-20

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每经记者:涂颖浩 张祎 每经编辑:马子卿

8月19日,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合发布关于办理洗钱刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释,其中将通过“虚拟资产”交易明确列为洗钱方式之一。据悉,“虚拟资产”多以虚拟货币、数字藏品等形式存在。

其中,虚拟货币不同于数字人民币等法定数字货币,不由货币当局发行,以区块链或类似技术为支撑并以电子化方式记录的通货,主要包括比特币等,是不以物质形式为载体的新型货币形式。交易比特币、以太币等虚拟币也会构成犯罪吗?法官提醒,任何虚拟币交易均为不合法交易,不受法律保护。虚拟币交易过程中涉及的资金大部分为网络诈骗等非法所得,通过所谓倒卖虚拟币获利的行为涉嫌犯罪。


复旦大学国际金融学院教授、中国反洗钱研究中心执行主任、陆家嘴金融安全研究院院长严立新对《每日经济新闻》记者表示,“随着数字经济的快速发展,利用加密货币、数字货币、虚拟代币等虚拟资产进行洗钱已经逐渐成为一个主流趋势,对国家的金融合规、经济安全和社会稳定都构成了极大的危害和挑战。”

他认为,从司法层面将利用“虚拟资产”交易转移、转换犯罪所得及其收益的行为明确列为洗钱方式之一,为执法机关提供了明确的法律依据,有助于更精准地识别和打击涉及虚拟资产的洗钱行为,更有效地追踪和监控虚拟资产的跨境流动,推动开展跨国监管合作,共同打击跨境洗钱犯罪。


交易“虚拟资产”被列为洗钱方式之一

8月19日,最高法、最高检召开新闻发布会,表示将加大对涉地下钱庄洗钱犯罪、利用虚拟币、游戏币等洗钱犯罪的打击力度。依法惩处“自洗钱”犯罪。加大罚金刑判处和执行力度,依法追缴洗钱行为人的违法所得,不让任何人从犯罪行为中非法获利。

从2022年至2023年办理的洗钱案件看,通过转账或者其他支付结算方式转移资金、提供资金账户的行为方式洗钱,占比超过五成。其中,走私洗钱、贪污贿赂洗钱、金融犯罪洗钱中通过跨境转移资产的方式洗钱相对较多。

同时,随着互联网技术的广泛应用,洗钱手法也不断翻新升级,虚拟币、游戏币、跑分平台、直播打赏等成为新型洗钱载体和方式,呈现更加复杂和隐蔽的“网络化”“链条化”特征。

地下钱庄已成为不法分子从事洗钱和转移资金的主要通道,目前还出现新型的地下钱庄,上游犯罪行为人通过地下钱庄利用虚拟币、游戏币等跨境转移资产,涉案金额高、查处难度大,对打击洗钱犯罪提出了新的更高的要求。

哪些交易虚拟货币行为构成犯罪?对此,司法解释明确了刑法中“以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益的来源和性质”的七种具体情形,其中包括通过“虚拟资产”交易、金融资产兑换方式,转移、转换犯罪所得及其收益等。

康德智库专家、上海市光明律师事务所罗春雷律师对《每日经济新闻》记者表示,当虚拟货币交易被用于掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得及其产生的收益的来源和性质时,该行为即构成洗钱罪。其中包括将犯罪所得转换为虚拟货币,或将虚拟货币再转换为其他形式的资产,以逃避法律追查

在罗春雷看来,法院将通过“虚拟资产”交易明确列为洗钱方式之一,是反洗钱工作的重要进展,“这一举措进一步完善了我国反洗钱法律体系,为司法机关依法惩治洗钱犯罪提供了更加明确、具体的法律依据。同时,也有助于提高公众对洗钱犯罪的认识和防范意识,形成全社会共同打击洗钱犯罪的良好氛围。”

罗春雷表示,洗钱犯罪往往具有跨国性、复杂性等特点,需要各国加强合作共同应对。将虚拟资产交易明确列为洗钱方式之一,有助于我国与其他国家在反洗钱领域开展更加紧密的合作,共同打击跨国洗钱犯罪活动。

严立新认为,“随着数字经济的快速发展,利用加密货币、数字货币、虚拟代币等虚拟资产进行洗钱已经逐渐成为一个主流趋势,对国家的金融合规、经济安全和社会稳定都构成了极大的危害和挑战,因此从法律层面加以进一步的明确和细化,以夯实法律的强制力,增强执法的可操作性,十分紧迫。”


利用虚拟币洗钱案件频发,有人第一笔交易就发现“猫腻”

据严立新介绍,虚拟货币运行机制有着特别鲜明的去中心化、分散及无形性、匿名性、实时性、网络寄生性、难篡改等特征,而且形式多样,不受地域限制,洗钱者或组织正是利用这些特性来掩盖资金性质和流向,轻松实现跨境转移,不但增加了监管的难度,也不利于金融市场稳定。

近日,在武汉市公安局相关部门的指导支持下,青山警方通过一起现发电诈警情顺线追踪、连续作战,辗转武汉、长沙、南昌、湘西等地,成功打掉一个利用USTD虚拟币帮助境外诈骗集团洗钱的犯罪团伙,抓获涉案嫌疑人6人,初步查明涉案总金额600余万元,追回23部苹果手机及部分高档白酒。

“这是一个分工明确的犯罪团伙。”办案民警表示,雷某睿负责通过聊天软件与境外诈骗集团联系,并指使马某等人收取快递、变现赃物、转移赃款;马某负责组织段某国、王某林、谢某豪帮助诈骗集团收取手机、高档酒等快递交给周某;周某负责销售赃物,所得赃款通过USTD虚拟币的方式转移给境外诈骗集团。

据了解,该犯罪团伙自2023年3月开始帮助境外诈骗集团收取快递、变现赃物、转移赃款,收取一定比例的报酬。据初步统计,自2024年1月5日起,该团伙共帮助境外诈骗集团在武汉收取、变现苹果手机、手表、耳机等物品共计340余部、高档酒几十箱,涉案总价值共计600余万元。

日前,江苏省南通市通州区人民法院在通州看守所驻所法庭,公开审理了这么一起掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得罪案件。

经依法审查查明,2022年11月至2023年8月,被告人王某福及王某标、王某平(均另案处理)商议,通过欧易平台进行USDT虚拟币买卖,约定王某福、王某平共同出资25万元、王某标出资11万元,分别操作各自账号进行交易,获利由三人平分。

所谓的虚拟币买卖,其实就是王某福等人为诈骗分子转移诈骗资金的一种手段,诈骗分子用赃款向王某福等人购买虚拟币,从而达到洗钱的目的,而王某福等人则从中赚取差价获利。2023年7月至11月,被告人王某福提供多个微信号用于收取虚拟币交易资金,通过欧易平台虚拟币在场内、场外交易,为诈骗分子转移诈骗资金,共计人民币38万余元,从中非法获利12000余元。

法庭上,被告人王某福坦白道,自己在进行第一笔虚拟币交易时,就发现对方资金来源是诈骗所得,并提醒同伙王某标,但王某标表示他们作为商家,只是单纯进行交易从中赚取差价而已。公诉机关以掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得罪对王某福提起公诉。目前,法院对该案正在进一步审理中。


这类筹集比特币等“虚拟货币”行为,还涉嫌非法集资

“相较于传统洗钱工具,虚拟货币具有匿名性、去中心化等特点,这些特性使得虚拟货币被用于跨境洗钱时危害性更大。”青岛市司法局介绍,例如,虚拟货币跨境洗钱引发金融监管失灵,危及金融管理秩序稳定;境内外监管套利空间巨大,严重干扰司法机关正常活动;虚拟货币跨境洗钱的监管逃逸性强,对外汇管制制度产生冲击;虚拟货币跨境洗钱犯罪涉案财产追缴难,严重侵害受害人的追索权。

中共福建省委金融委员会办公室官网发布“关于防范以虚拟货币为名义实施非法集资的风险提示”称,近日,发现个别企业以“DD0数字期权”为名,招揽群众认购投资,称其以实物资产锚定,通过境外数字资产交易所发行上线数字期权DD0,以此为噱头并与投资者签署认购协议,对外发行DD0数字期权,其本质上为虚拟货币的发行、交易。

此外,一些融资主体通过代币的违规发售、流通,向投资者筹集比特币、以太币等所谓“虚拟货币”。其本质上是一种未经批准非法公开融资的行为,涉嫌非法发售代币票券、非法发行证券以及非法集资、金融诈骗、传销等违法犯罪活动。


图片来源:中共泉州市委金融委员会办公室

此次司法解释明确了“自洗钱”“他洗钱”犯罪的认定标准,以及“他洗钱”犯罪主观认识的审查认定标准。司法解释同时明确,洗钱数额在五百万元以上,且具有多次实施洗钱行为;拒不配合财物追缴,致使赃款赃物无法追缴;造成损失二百五十万元以上;或者造成其他严重后果情形之一的,应当认定为“情节严重”。

最高法刑三庭庭长陈鸿翔表示,人民法院将依法从重从严惩处洗钱犯罪,加大对涉地下钱庄洗钱犯罪、利用虚拟币、游戏币等洗钱犯罪的打击力度。依法惩处“自洗钱”犯罪。加大罚金刑判处和执行力度,依法追缴洗钱行为人的违法所得,不让任何人从犯罪行为中非法获利。同时,切实贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策,区分情况、区别对待,确保取得最佳的政治效果、社会效果和法律效果。

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