比特币迎来「美国产」,加密货币挖矿成大国博弈新焦点

深潮Published on 2024-08-20Last updated on 2024-08-20

虚拟货币挖矿不仅是一个技术问题,更是一个涉及全球政治、经济和能源的复杂议题。

撰文:刘红林律师,上海曼昆律师事务所

近日,比特币挖矿公司 Marathon Digital Holdings 宣布,将对其开采的每个比特币区块标注「Made in USA」字样。

该公司董事长 Fred Thiel 在社交媒体上强调:MARA Pool 在美国开采的每一个区块都自豪地印有「美国制造」的标签。我们是唯一一家能够做到这一点的大型矿工,因为我们经营着自己的矿池,并确保 MARA Pool 开采的所有区块都在美国制造。这一声明不仅引发了行业的广泛关注,更是揭示了虚拟货币背后复杂的全球政治博弈。

Marathon Digital Holdings 于 2010 年 2 月 23 号在内华达州注册成立,是美国领先的比特币挖矿公司之一。该公司通过先进的硬件设备和低成本的能源资源迅速崛起,并以其严格的合规性和安全性著称。自 2021 年起,Marathon Digital 宣布其所有的比特币挖矿操作均符合美国外国资产控制办公室(OFAC)的规定,这不仅增强了公司的市场信誉,还提升了其品牌价值。此次宣布对每个比特币区块标注「Made in USA」,不仅是 Marathon 一次品牌塑造的尝试,更是美国在全球虚拟货币市场上强化其主导地位的一部分。

大国博弈:比特币为何成为关注焦点?

2024 年美国大选中的比特币议题成为焦点之一。几位主要候选人都在不同程度上表达了对比特币的支持。前总统特朗普明确表示,他希望「所有剩余的比特币都在美国制造」,并与多家比特币挖矿企业高管会面,表明了未来美国政府可能会进一步推动虚拟货币挖矿的政策支持,以期在全球金融科技竞争中占据优势。这表明,比特币不仅仅是技术和金融创新的象征,更已成为大国战略布局的一部分。

俄罗斯的最新举措也显示出大国对比特币的重视。2024 年,俄罗斯正式通过了比特币挖矿法案,允许合法的比特币挖矿活动。这一法案显示了俄罗斯对虚拟货币挖矿的重视,并通过合法化和监管来控制和利用这一新兴产业,尤其是在能源丰富的西伯利亚地区,俄罗斯正积极利用其水电资源扩大比特币挖矿规模。

更为重要的是,俄罗斯在面对西方国家,尤其是美国的经济制裁时,面临着国际支付体系的巨大压力。美国主导的 SWIFT 系统限制了俄罗斯的国际金融交易渠道,使得俄罗斯在全球经济中被边缘化。然而,通过比特币这样的虚拟货币,俄罗斯可以绕开传统金融系统的限制,在国际市场上实现资金流通。这使得比特币成为俄罗斯经济制裁下的一种「数字黄金」,能够在全球范围内支持支付和交易。

虚拟货币挖矿的战略、社会与经济价值融合在这一大国博弈的背景中显得尤为重要。掌握虚拟货币挖矿的能力,意味着一个国家可以在全球金融体系中获得更大的话语权。这不仅体现在金融主导权的争夺上,也在于大国对能源与技术的控制。比特币的挖矿过程耗能巨大,但这种耗能并非纯粹的消耗,它为所在国带来了重要的经济收益。通过虚拟货币挖矿,大国能够推动能源利用的优化和技术创新。例如,美国的挖矿企业正在积极使用可再生能源,不仅提高了能源利用效率,还支持了电网的稳定性。相比之下,俄罗斯、加拿大等国家通过政策引导,将虚拟货币挖矿作为提升经济和技术实力的重要手段,从而在全球市场中占据有利地位。

中国或许应适时调整虚拟货币挖矿政策

在考虑虚拟货币挖矿政策的同时,中国还需从国家金融安全的角度重新审视这一产业的战略意义。近年来,全球多个国家和地区开始将比特币视作一种重要的战略储备。例如,萨尔瓦多成为第一个将比特币作为法定货币的国家,并开始积累国家比特币储备。此外,瑞士等一些国家也在逐步将比特币纳入国家储备资产的一部分。这种趋势显示出比特币作为数字资产,已经被一些国家和地区纳入了长期的战略布局之中。

未来,比特币等去中心化的虚拟资产将成为全球数字经济中不可忽视的重要组成部分。这种数字资产不仅仅是投资工具,更是国家经济安全的一部分。如果任由比特币的储备和控制权掌握在以美国为代表的西方国家手中,未来全球的数字经济格局可能会进一步向这些国家倾斜。因此,中国也应当考虑将比特币和其他虚拟资产纳入国家的战略储备体系,就如同对黄金储备的重视一样,确保在全球金融竞争中不被动。

正如红林律师此前在文章《Web3 律师:建议政府适时调整虚拟货币挖矿禁止政策》中所提议的那样,为了促进中国在以区块链为核心技术的下一代互联网的主导地位,中国监管部门或许是时候重新审视和调整当前关于虚拟货币挖矿的一刀切禁止性监管政策了。

首先,挖矿产业的关停会削弱中国在全球区块链技术和数字货币市场中的影响力,导致大量在高性能计算、算法优化和硬件开发等领域具有丰富经验和技能的人才流失。中国曾是全球最大的比特币挖矿市场,根据彭博社的数据,2021 年中国的比特币算力占全球的 65%,而到 2023 年,这一比例已经下降到不足 10%。这一变化不仅使得中国失去了在全球数字货币市场的主导地位,也导致大批优秀的人才和企业迁移至其他国家,如美国,削弱中国在这一领域的技术创新能力和竞争,使得中国在未来的数字经济竞争中处于不利地位。挖矿产业的发展与计算机硬件的发展密不可分,特别是在高性能计算芯片、散热技术和大规模计算系统等方面的创新,这些技术不仅在虚拟货币挖矿中应用广泛,对其他高科技产业也有积极的推动作用。政府可以提供专项资金和政策支持,推动相关技术的研发和应用。例如,设立专项科技基金,资助企业和研究机构开发高效能、低能耗的挖矿设备和技术。

其次,禁止挖矿不仅影响了技术和经济,更是商业利润的重大损失。据媒体统计,此前中国共有 13 家 A 股上市公司、7 家港股上市公司、9 家中概股涉及虚拟货币挖矿业务,如新元科技(300472.SZ)、联络互动(002280.SZ)、富通信息(000836.SZ)等,挖矿产业曾为地方经济提供了大量的就业机会和税收收入。内蒙古、云南、四川等地由于其能源优势,曾吸引了大量的挖矿企业进驻,对当地经济发展起到了积极作用。举例来说,四川水电装机规模和发电量均位居全国首位,如何促进富余水电消纳是当地政府一直在探索解决的问题。通过水电来进行虚拟货币的挖矿,可以形成矿场稳定挖矿、发电企业消纳弃水电量、供电公司增加过网费收入、当地政府增加基金和税收收入等多方共赢的格局。

而一刀切的挖矿禁令对这些地区带来的损失可以说非常明显,根据《南华早报》的报道,内蒙古地区因挖矿企业撤离而失去了数千个就业岗位,还削弱了地方财政的税收来源。反观美国,知名的虚拟货币挖矿企业如 Riot Blockchain 和 Marathon Digital Holdings 都是美国纳斯达克的上市公司,这些公司通过挖矿活动获得了丰厚的利润。Riot Blockchain 在 2022 年报告的总收入达到了 2.13 亿美元,同比增长 65%,并在 2023 年继续增长至 2.75 亿美元。Marathon Digital Holdings 在 2022 年的总收入达到 2.5 亿美元,同比增长 75%,并在 2023 年增长至 3.1 亿美元。根据 CoinDesk 的数据显示,Riot Blockchain 和 Marathon Digital Holdings 的股票价格在 2023 年分别增长了 45% 和 60%,显示出投资者对这些公司的信心和市场前景的认可。如果中国能够引导挖矿产业合法合规发展,这些利润和经济增长也可以在中国实现。据普华永道(PwC)的研究报告,中国在虚拟货币挖矿行业的潜在年收入可达数十亿美元,如果结合清洁能源发展和技术创新,实际经济收益可能更高。中国可以探索国企控股或参股挖矿企业的模式,确保挖矿活动在政府监管下进行。通过当地国企的参与,不仅能有效控制风险,还能保证税收和经济收益的稳步增长。

此外,根据国际能源署(IEA)的报告,全球比特币挖矿的能源消耗已经在逐步向清洁能源转型。美国、加拿大等国家的挖矿企业正在积极采用水电、风电等可再生能源,降低碳足迹,提高能源利用效率。例如,德克萨斯州的一些挖矿公司与电力公司合作,使用风能和太阳能等可再生能源来进行挖矿活动。此外,德克萨斯州电力委员会(ERCOT)还允许这些公司在电力需求高峰期减少电力消耗,以支持电网的稳定性。加拿大魁北克省对高耗能的挖矿企业实行严格的能效标准,并鼓励这些企业使用清洁能源进行挖矿。魁北克水电公司(Hydro-Québec)与挖矿企业合作,通过提供可再生能源电力,减少碳排放。这一趋势表明,通过合理的政策引导和监管,可以实现虚拟货币挖矿与环境保护的双赢。政府可以制定明确的政策,引导挖矿产业向绿色、节能方向发展,同时加强对挖矿活动的监管,防止非法活动。通过合理的监管框架,既能规范行业行为,又能避免全面禁止带来的负面影响。例如,政府可以规定挖矿企业必须使用一定比例的可再生能源,推动绿色能源的发展,提高整体能源利用效率。同时对违反规定的企业进行严格处罚。

通过参考其他国家的成功经验,中国可以探索合理的政策和监管框架,促进虚拟货币挖矿产业的健康发展,实现技术进步、经济增长和环境保护的综合收益。

结语

虚拟货币挖矿不仅是一个技术问题,更是一个涉及全球政治、经济和能源的复杂议题。大国在这一领域的战略布局,不仅反映了各国对金融主导权的争夺,也揭示了虚拟货币在未来全球经济中的重要地位。对于中国而言,适时调整挖矿政策,不仅可以促进国内区块链技术的发展,还可以提升中国在全球虚拟货币市场中的影响力和话语权。我们期待更多的业内专业人士和研究机构,就虚拟货币挖矿的监管政策展开深入讨论,共同为中国的数字经济发展提供科学、合理的政策建议。

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