「UST 保卫战」打响?Terra 能否应对新一轮信心危机

白话区块链Published on 2022-05-09Last updated on 2022-05-09

Abstract

5月8日开始,「UST脱钩」的传闻开始在市场上大幅发酵,情况之严峻从中心化CEX的UST稳定币兑换对即可见一斑。

5月8日开始,「UST脱钩」的传闻开始在市场上大幅发酵,情况之严峻从中心化CEX的UST稳定币兑换对即可见一斑:

Binance上UST兑USDT的报价一度接近0.98,而借代市场上的UST更是被一扫而空,伴随着恐慌情绪的蔓延,UST与LUNA似乎确实迎来了前所未有的全新考验。

而TerraAnalytics数据显示,5月8日LUNA流通供应量单日增加957201枚,总量达9135.7万枚,创4月8日以来LUNA流通供应量单日新增记录。

01

Luna与UST的双挂钩机制

Terra生态的核心设计思路,即围绕如何扩展稳定币UST的使用场景及支付需求,且UST的运作采用了双Token设计:

Luna,治理、质押和验证的Token;UST,原生美元挂钩的稳定币。

简单理解就是每当一个UST被铸造出来,就必须烧掉价值一美元的LUNA,且LUNA通过套利机制帮助维持UST与美元的挂钩:

每当USTexhange高于挂钩时,用户可以向系统发送价值1美元的LUNA,并收到1个UST;反之当USTexhange低于挂钩时,用户可以向系统发送1美元的UST,以获得1美元的LUNA。

在这两种情况下,用户被激励进行套利,从而帮助维持UST与美元的挂钩,这种双Token套利的稳定币设计与典型的超额抵押要求,在加密市场遭遇剧烈波动时,极易发生的惨烈大规模清算事件。

此前2021年的「5·19」大跌中UST就因为螺旋清算而出现了价格「脱锚」的状况,甚至一度脱锚达10%以上,差点进入信心溃败和恶性循环之中。

无论是2020年的「3.12」中的ETH踩踏清算还是2021年「5.19」中的ETH「排队枪毙」,都验证了这个极端情况下最坏可能的巨大破坏性。

这也是算法稳定币几乎无法回避的考验,因此极端行情下,价格相对于整体市场的稳定,对于UST这样的算稳来言是不可避免的重要成长考验,也是项目走向成熟、具备足够反脆弱的标志。

数据面上的风险:而目前至少从数据层面上看,UST已经到了最危急的时刻,甚至远超曾经的2021年「5.19」脱锚危机。

02

UST市值与LUNA市值的倒挂风险

最主要的原因便是UST市值与LUNA市值的倒挂风险:此前LUNA市值一直远高于UST市值,这就导致当LUNA下跌时一般会预留足够的清算空间,不至于出现资不抵债的极端情况,从而杜绝信心溃坝后的死亡踩踏出现。

但近半年来UST的流通量快速飙涨,截至5月9日已超过187亿美元,近30日增长逾11%。

这就处于一种微妙的尴尬境地——Luna目前市值为224亿美元,UST流通市值为186亿美元,如果LUNA的二级市场价格继续跌,UST流通市值可能就会超过Luna。

按对应价格计算,也即如果Luna跌破55美元,UST流通市值就超过了Luna,很大概率将会带来市场极度恐慌的情绪,催生「死亡螺旋」。

UST出逃情绪加剧「踩踏」。

信心比黄金更关键,尤其是对UST这样依靠生态做大的算法稳定币而言。

但Anchor中的UST在近两日净流出约23亿美元,其中5月7日流出13亿UST,创下单日新高。

对比于在5月5日的峰值127亿美元,当前Anchor中的UST储蓄已下跌近20%,引发了投资者对UST脱锚的普遍恐慌,赎回潮又有进一步增大发生踩踏的风险。

Anchor储备金不足。

AnchorProtocol目前每日总支出约705万美元,总收入约215万美元,净支出约490万美元,同时Anchor资金储备还有1.8亿美元,预计还可覆盖35天的支出需求。

03

UST的韧性有哪些

UST和Terra生态的发展信心基本上是由基于Anchor的Luna-ust锚定机制支持的。

在最好的情况下,它可以维持10-20亿的规模,但当下的问题是,UST目前流通体量已经高达190亿.

Curve池子的支撑

所以LUNA也将目光投向了Curve,以图掌控加密世界的「铸币权」,最直接的就是它的4pool方案——由UST、FRAX、USDC、USDT组成的新Curve流动性池。

这样借助Curve这个铸币权市场,为极端情况提供了挂钩保障:

veCrv保证了流动性的稳定性,在大额资产兑换真实发生时,不会发生流动性出逃的情形;veCrv可以作为脱锚后重新挂钩的治理工具,利用几百万美元就可以让数十亿资产重新挂钩,这在uni中都是根本上无法实现的。

不过这个建设才刚刚开始,就遇到此番冲击,UST在Curve上只有5亿美元左右的流动性,但在Anchor上则有上百亿美元存款。

Anchor模型的调整

Anchor上的UST存款,是一把Terra生态生死的双刃剑。

3月24日,AnchorProtocol关于提议「根据收益率储备的波动将收益率调整为半动态利率」的提案获得通过。

从5月的本周开始,其利率就从19.5%降低至18%。此后AnchorEarn利率每月也会根据收益储备升值或贬值动态调整最高1.5%,最低APY为15%,最高APY为20%。

与此同时,4月底,TerraformLabs协议研究员发布提案建议AnchorProtocol引入veANC模型,而5月7日最新消息,Anchor收益和治理平台HelmProtocol即将推出,用户可将ANC存入Helm,从而获得veANC的衍生TokenHELM。

此外Anchor也已经陆续将AVAX、ATOM、SOL添加为借代抵押品,按照Terra生态普遍磨洋工的进度,Anchor这样的效率已经在自我紧急灭火了。

LFG的比特币储备

截止目前,LunaFoundationGuard共持有价值约35亿美元的比特币储备,专为极端情况下使用——仅用于紧急情况下的救市,只有在LUNA稳定机制失效的时候,才会动用紧急储备:

意味着在UST被大量抛售、LUNA价格急剧下跌的极端情况下,比特币作为与Terra经济体相关性不强的外汇储备,为Terra干预汇率(保持和美元的锚定)增加了一个政策工具。

Terra创始人DoKwon最近也表示,LFG的比特币储备兑UST的保障机制会在几周后部署,目前Astroport团队正在Agora上实施JumpTrading的设计参数。

04

小结

作为最近半年来狂飙猛进、市值很快逼近200亿美元的稳定币异类,UST此次的「脱锚」考验,无论是从自身体谅还是可能外溢的影响力上,都会远远超过「5·19」。

不管最终结局如何,UST此番注定会在稳定币圣杯的争夺战中留下浓墨重彩的一笔。

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