从九个方面详解以太坊上海升级的抛压问题

蓝狐笔记Published on 2023-01-10Last updated on 2023-01-10

Abstract

开放质押解锁之后,会不会产生大量抛压?如何看这个问题?

以太坊上海升级计划于今年 3 月份进行,其中有一项是信标链开放 ETH 质押解锁,也就是所谓的 EIP-4895 。截止到写稿时,ETH 的质押总数大约为 1, 585 万个 ETH,大约占 ETH 总量的 13% ,活跃验证者总数为 49.5 万,年化利率 4.2% 。

不少人因此担心,开放质押解锁之后,会不会产生大量抛压?还有看空者认为之前的 ETH 美元价格成本低,解锁之后有不错的美元本位利润,所以,选择抛售的可能性也很大。

如何看这个问题?

按照目前的情况看,大概率不会带来大量的抛压(当然,未来价格的变化则取决于更多因素,这里仅讨论潜在抛压这单一事件)。从九个方面来看:

1.解锁提现是逐步释放,不是一下子涌入市场

目前采用的是逐步解锁的模式,按照目前的情况,理论上,每天提现的上限大约在 5.5 万个 ETH 左右。以太坊大约每个 epoch 可以激活 7.55 名验证者(验证者总数/65, 536 ),每天有 225 个 epoch。也就是目前大约每天最多可以解锁 5.5 万个 ETH 左右。

此外,提款速率还会根据质押 ETH 的总量进行调整,防止瞬间的大量流出等。

2.参与早期质押的用户大多数是以太坊的长期支持者

早期愿意冒较大的风险和不确定性进入 ETH 质押市场的,都是有较大风险偏好的用户群体,他们大多数是以太坊较为长期和坚定的支持者,这部分人在目前熊市的状体下,相对来说,抛售的意愿较小。

3.有意愿退出的质押用户好些已经退出

大部分质押参与者使用 Lido 或通过 CEX 进行,有些已经完成退出。例如通过 Lido 协议质押的用户,可以将其 stETH 通过 Curve 兑换成 ETH,可以不用等到上海升级后提现解锁。从数据上看,去年好些时候,stETH 都出现了不错的折扣。也就是,一些想要退出的用户,卖出了 stETH 换成了 ETH。其中也包括在之前由于一些暴雷事事件的影响,一些机构也将其 stETH 完成退出。

4.解锁的开放,对于机构或大户可能反而更有吸引力

随着质押解锁的开放,反而有可能会吸引更多的机构或大户进入

一是,这种功能本身给更多用户带来信心;

二是,可以为这部分用户提供更好的退出通道,而不用担心退出流动性或折扣退出等问题;

三是,这部分用户也有需求在熊市获得相对稳定的收益(目前 ETH 币本位年化收益能达到 4.2% ,虽然跟牛市时期的 DeFi 没法相比,但就目前的市场情况,对于长期支持者来说,这个收益率还是有吸引力的)。

拍脑袋预估一下,开放质押之后,可能短期内会略有下跌,但整体趋势是向上,有可能在 1 年左右可以突破 ETH 总量的 20% 。

5.ETH 质押者进入的成本并不低

按照看空者成本论来看,其实进入平均成本也不算低。第一批质押的 ETH 成本大约在 500 美元左右,但质押的增加是逐步进行的。按照粗略估计(此处无精确数据),很大比例的质押成本大约在 1500 美元以上,高于目前的市场价格。

6.ETH 在 PoS 之后资产性质发生了本质变化

一是,ETH 目前逐步走向通缩,这对于 ETH 的影响是巨大的。

ETH 合并之后,目前为止为 112 天,从那之后,新增的 ETH 一共 4, 248 个(写稿时为止)。如果没有合并,那么这 112 天,将新增发 1, 332, 883 个 ETH,大约价值 16.6 亿美元,也就是大约每天的潜在抛压减少了 1, 500 万美元左右。ETH 持有者,即便放在钱包,不参与质押,也不参与 DeFI 协议的收益活动,也可以捕获其生态成长的价值。

二是,ETH 通过质押可以获得收益。

目前大约是 4.2% 左右的年化收益。当 ETH 有了质押收益之后,ETH 本身不仅是整个网络的安全支撑者,也捕获了其生态成长的收益,ETH 从根本上发生了变化。随着生态的成长,它为L2及其网络提供更大规模的安全服务,ETH 最终也会受益。也就是,ETH 变成了生态的真正底层资产。它有越来越多的使用场景支撑,当这些网络大到一定的程度,ETH 还有机会产生货币溢价,不仅是生态内部的支付媒介,也会逐步具有价值存储的属性。仅从这一点,它对 BTC 也是有竞争的。

此外,相较于其他的链或项目,比如 BTC、Solana 等,ETH 的新增已经非常少。

截止到写稿时,根据 MoneyPrinter 的统计数据,BTC 年新增率为 1.8% ,Dogecoin 为 3.58% ,Solana 为 6.43% ,ETH 目前仅为 0.01% 左右,其新增率低于 BTC 180 倍左右;低于 Dogecoin 350 多倍,低于 Solana 600 多倍。BTC 和 Solana 的新增率还不算高的,超过 10% 的也不少,如 Osmosis 年新增率为 39.2% ;Balancer 为 13% ,Curve 为 10.21% 等。

如果不按新增率算,按每日新增价值计算,以太坊也算是最低之列。按照当前情况计算,目前 BTC 每日新增价值达到 1580 多万美元(每月新增超过 4.7 亿美元);Solana 每日新增超过 127 万美元(每月新增超过 3800 万美元);Dogecoin 每日新增超过 95 万美元(每月新增超过 2800 万美元);Avalanche 每日新增 69 万美元(每月新增超 2000 万美元)。截止到写稿时,以太坊在合并后平均每日新增大约在 38 个 ETH 左右,也就是每天新增价值不到 5 万美元,一个月新增大约 150 万美元。也就是,ETH 每日新增的价值低于 BTC 300 多倍;低于 Solana 25 倍多;低于 Dogecoin 19 倍,低于 Alalanche 13 倍多。

目前是熊市,gas 消耗比较少,如果未来市场趋于活跃,以太坊每天的通缩量也会是非常可观。

仅目前情况,ETH 不管是新增率还是每天的新增价值都大大低于其他公链,也大大低于 BTC。

7.以太坊的社区共识

以太坊本身有开发者基础,生态基础,用户基础,基于此,形成了较为强大的社区共识。这种社区共识,随着以太坊生态的持续发展,包括L2逐步超越绝大多数公链,以太坊作为加密领域最基础结算层和安全提供者的角色,只会增强其护城河。有足够护城河这一点,逐步会被更多机构和用户看到。

8.ETH 质押收益率是动态博弈的

ETH 质押量越少,其收益率就越高;如果质押数量下降到一定程度,其收益率上升,则会吸引人群进入,这种相对稳定的收益在熊市会显得更具吸引力。所以,这里也存在动态的平衡。

当 ETH 质押量在 100 万个时,年化收益可以达到 18.1% ;当 ETH 质押量在 1, 000 万个时,年化收益在 5.72% 左右;当 ETH 质押量在 1, 250 万个时,年化收益在 5% ;当达到 3, 000 万个时,年化收益在 3.3% 左右。

9.上海升级除了 ETH 质押解锁还有其他升级

上海升级不仅包括 ETH 质押解锁,还有其他的升级,这些也有利于其生态长远的发展。比如 EIP-3651 利于矿工节省 gas 费用,加快矿工交易的速度;比如 EIP-3855 也可以降低 gas 消耗;EIP-3860 可以支持更大的合约,支持部署更丰富功能的合约,利于开发者推出更有想象力的 dAPP;EIP-3540 (EVM 对象格式 EOF)V1支持合约代码和数据的分离,简化合约交互等。

结语

总体来说,即便上海升级开放提款功能,对于 ETH 抛压的影响也是有限的。而作为上海升级这个事件本身,则有利于以太坊生态长期发展,算是长期利好的事件。

最后需要提醒的是,虽然上海升级不会带来大的短期抛压,但它跟 ETH 本身价格的波动是两个事情。如果在此期间出现黑天鹅事件,那么,即便没有质押解锁,也会给市场带来影响。

风险警示:以上所有分析仅是对技术和市场的片面观察,不一定对,请务必保持自己的判断并做好风险控制。

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