从宏观环境到链上指标,比特币到底何时见底?

比推Published on 2022-12-02Last updated on 2022-12-02

Abstract

比特币底部在哪儿?这是市场目前非常关注的话题。

比特币底部在哪儿?这是市场目前非常关注的话题。有人认为,FTX引起的市场去杠杆化仍将继续一段时间,比特币的底部还需要进一步确认;也有投资者认为利空出尽,底部已至。在目前具有趋势性逆转的关键节点,本文将从加密市场周期、链上数据、矿机指标、情绪指标以及宏观市场等五个维度,探讨市场将要发生的趋势性变化。

核心要点

1. 传统金融机构认为,本轮熊市机构投资者占据主导地位,使用的杠杆也相对较大,整体上加密市场的去杠杆化仍将持续一段时间,传统资金也需要更长时间进行评估。

2. 美联储主席鲍威尔表示12月开始放缓加息步伐,这意味着宏观市场开始出现趋势性转折;比特币与美股的关联度也再度表现得较为紧密,联动效应增强。

3. 从比特币减半周期上看,按照过往数据计算推测可得,比特币的价格将在 2022 年 12 月 30 日见底,随后反弹预计持续到2024 年初;然后会在实际减半后出现强劲反弹。

4. 从链上数据上看,比特币确实进入到底部区间,从历史数据观察,比特币是否会进行二次探底仍然具有不确定性,但整体确实处于底部区间。下方可能的潜在低点在13000美元附近。

5. 从矿工的角度看,比特币在16000美元附近的支撑要强于2万美元,这主要在于这是比特币主流矿机的关机价;比特币将在12月5日迎来2022年挖矿难度最大下调,这也意味着矿工已经出现大面积关机,也是市场见底的一个重要信号。

6. 市场目前对于机构破产等恐慌事件表现出麻木之态,比特币价格也并未出现非常大的波动。从技术分析上看,比特币空头力量仍然相对较大,不过目前有筑底迹象,还需等待MA65等均线验证底部。

以史为鉴,周期为王

在比特币诞生以来,BTC挖矿奖励每四年减半一次,比特币的趋势行情也因此经历牛熊周期。比特币的四年减半,实质上符合短期经济周期,也即基钦周期。从周期的角度看,比特币预计在12月30日见底。

比特币历史上曾在减半前 477 天触底,然后一路攀升,之后又开始上涨。减半后的反弹平均持续 480天,从减半到下一个牛市周期的顶峰。如果历史重演,比特币的价格将在 2022 年 12 月 30 日见底,随后反弹预计持续到2024 年初;然后会在实际减半后出现强劲反弹。下一次减半预计发生在 2024 年 4 月 20 日;如果历史重演,那么在下一个减半之前比特币将涨到 3.6 万美元,之后涨到 14.9 万美元。下面的图表显示了比特币重复减半轨迹可能出现的趋势变化。

数据不会骗人,链上指标释放了哪些信号

比特币减半周期虽然重复在历史中上演,但是这种依托历史规律的预测也还是缺乏有力支撑。相比之下,链上数据对于底部的预测则更为有力和直观。本文下面就几个重要的链上数据进行整理和归纳。

1.@0xCryptoChan在推特上发文表示:当前BTC价格已触底CVDD。CVDD是BTC币天销毁(Coin Days Destroyed)的累计美元价值与BTC市场年龄(以天计)之比,该指标历史上对大底的捕捉十分准确。(批注:从图表上看,比特币已经接近底部,从上轮牛市底部看,比特币还有一次回踩,不过这不一定发生,因为图表显示的2015年熊市底部就只有一次触底迹象,但触底之后也出现了一次较大回撤)

CryptoChan同时也列出了Realized Hodl Ratio图表,认为两次比特币低点位置意味着双底结构的形成。

2. Willy Woo也引用了CVDD 指标,本文不在赘述;不过, Willy Woo还观察了另外两个链上指标,其分别是:Max Pain和MVRV。Willy Woo认为,比特币在Max Pain模型下接近底部。从历史上看,当58%-61%的代币处于水下(橙色)时,BTC价格则达到宏观周期底部。绿色阴影根据锁定在GBTC Trust中的代币进行调整。Willy Woo随后在回复中表示,这一模型暗示的潜在底部在13000美元,但并不是每一次都会触碰底部,不过目前确实接近底部。

他同时认为,MVRV 比率位于价值区域的深处。在这个信号下,我们已经触底(1) ,直到最近的 FTX 崩盘将我们带回买入区域(2)。注:MVRV 是由@dpuellARK 和 @MustStopMurad,这一指标跟踪比特币的市值与投入网络的资本之间的比率。

春江水暖鸭先知,BTC矿机指标值得重视

从比特币历史周期经验看,主流矿机的关机价是一个很好的见底指标。据F2pool在11月10日数据显示,随着比特币跌至约16,000美元位置,按照0.06美元/度电费并基于当前挖矿难度计算,包括蚂蚁S17全系列、犀鸟H8 Pro、蜂鸟H9 Pro在内的绝大部分矿机已到达关机币价。最高算力矿机蚂蚁S19 XP Hyd. 单一矿机日净收益为6.5美元(关机币价8742.82美元),其他型号单一矿机日净收益均不足4美元。可以说,正是由于16000美元大概是主流矿机的一个关机价,所以这个位置的支撑才会如此之强,甚至超过两万美元这个重要的心理支撑位。

据《比推》11月29日报道, 比特币网络预计将在12月5日迎来难度调整,分析显示本次难度调整幅度可能会降低6.13-10%,预计将超过7月21日创下的5.01%降幅,成为2022年内最大降幅。行业分析师Charles Edwards在社交媒体透露,比特币哈希带刚刚形成一个死亡交叉,这意味着市场正在进入矿工投降期,随着越来越多的矿工关机,比特币网络算力近期呈现下跌趋势,上周末一度下滑至200 EH/s低点。这意味已经有很多矿机关机,比特币价格目前处于一个较为合理的估值。

不过有推特用户认为,目前比特币算力并没有跌到位。推特用户@0xcryptowizard认为,以算力看目前矿工的状态:18年熊底,60b到30b,腰斩;2020年312事件时,136b到75b,腰斩;2021年519事件时,200b到57b,腰斩再腰斩;现在,高点315b,低点224b,降了30%。

本文认为@0xcryptowizard的统计没有周期性可言,2020年3月21日,是由于新冠疫情影响,全球金融出现大崩盘;2021年5月19日,是由于中国彻底清退比特币挖矿,国内算力被彻底清退,随着国内算力迁移国外,这个算力水平大抵要高出不少。目前比特币的接受程度要比2018年好很多,很多国外矿企也积极布局,整体上看,比特币算力或许还有进一步下跌空间,但应该并不大。(注:下图为推特用户@0xcryptowizard所说的四次算力大跌示意图。)

市场情绪指标“躺平”,技术指标显示仍需等待

近期,受FTX暴雷影响,大量交易所遭遇挤兑危机,比如,Genesis、BlockFi等,市场恐慌情绪一度非常严重,市场甚至担心DCG可能暴雷。不过,从BTC币价表现看,比特币跌幅相对有限,市场对于交易所破产事件显现出“躺平”之势。由于FTX暴雷,WBTC/BTC 兑换比例小幅低于 1 ,在各种不利的外部条件下,FUD 进一步传播到 WETH,各路大 V 甚至开起玩笑,但加密市场整体也没有出现大的波动。从贪婪与恐慌指标看,FTX暴雷后,市场恐慌情绪明显上升,恐慌与贪婪指数出现连续下跌,虽然后市连锁反应不断,但市场情绪对于后续恐慌基本“躺平”,目前已有走出底部迹象。

从技术分析的角度看,MA65是比特币行情趋势中非常重要的中期指标,MA128是非常重要的中长期趋势指标。从图中可以看出,目前MA65和MA128仍然还在比特币上方,尚需一段时间下移,这意味比特币还需一段时间消化抛压盘,只有当比特币有效站稳MA65,这时才是较为确认的底部。

宏观环境出现逆转迹象,比特币与美股联动效应增加

我们之前在《FTX暴雷后的“群雄博弈”,加密市场何时为底》一文曾提出一个很重要的观点:从目前加密市场环境看,加密市场内在脆弱性和宏观环境成为加密市场的主要影响力量,而这两种力量将随着时间而出现交替变化;伴随加密市场自身问题的不断爆发,宏观市场转暖对加密市场的影响力逐渐凸显。从目前的行情看,比特币与美股联动再度表现得较为密切。

由 Jan Hatzius 领导的高盛分析团队认为,美联储预计12 月再次加息 50 个基点,随后在 2023 年加息一次,然后将利率维持在 4.25% 至 4.50% 的范围内,直到 2024 年。随后,预计美联储将在2024 年降息一次。分析师在报告中写道:”我们看到了改变计划的几个原因,股市努力摆脱美联储金融紧缩政策下的压力,劳动力市场的强劲减少了现阶段对过度紧缩的担忧,美联储官员现在似乎希望在扭转过热方面取得更快、更一致的进展,部分官员可能已经重新评估了短期中性利率。”

据《比推》11月30日报道,鲍威尔在布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)就劳动力市场和经济形势发表讲话时表示:“美联储可能会从12月开始放缓加息步伐;尽管抗击通胀的进展在很大程度上是不够的,但未来可能会小幅加息。” 美联储的这一表态使得宏观环境有放松迹象,美股大幅反弹,比特币也出现较大涨幅。从某种意义上看,宏观环境已经开始出现非常大的逆转,这也为比特币见底奠定了有利的宏观环境。

市场到底没有,各路大V怎么看

本文筛选了一些主要传统金融机构对于加密市场的看法,并试图探讨比特币可能的底部。

摩根士丹利 (MS) 周三在一份研究报告中表示,传统金融客户对受监管产品的需求有所增加,市场正在重新评估所有发行的项目代币价值,以及它们是否已被用作杠杆资产,加密行业预计将进一步破产和去杠杆化。加密货币市场在这个周期中的杠杆比上一个周期更大。这可能是因为做市商、公司和投资者等加密货币机构是这次市场的主要交易者,而在2017-18年散户占主导地位。

摩根大通策略分析师团队表示,FTX的危机将使加密市场面临数周的去杠杆化,这段动荡时期可能将比特币推低至13,000美元。鉴于交易所、FTX姊妹交易公司Alameda Research和加密生态系统的其他部分之间的相互作用,“一连串的追加保证金通知”可能正在进行中。

BitMEX创始人Arthur Hayes此前发文表示,虽然我非常看好 2023 年加密货币的前景,但我相信我们的市场行情会创新低,因为每个人都想知道下一个因向 FTX / Alameda 放贷而破产的大机构是谁。准备好迎接更长时间的低潮吧,因为它就要来了。

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