想要安全的保管资产,先要知道钱包的这些知识

白话区块链Published on 2022-11-30Last updated on 2022-11-30

Abstract

对于存储区块链资产的钱包,还有不少人没搞懂,尤其是地址、公钥、密码、私钥、助记词、Keystore等专有名词,让人一头雾水。

对于存储区块链资产的钱包,还有不少人没搞懂,尤其是地址、公钥、密码、私钥、助记词、Keystore等专有名词,让人一头雾水。可是,如果不搞清楚这些概念,很可能会造成区块链资产的损失。

今天,我们就把这些让人看得云里雾里的概念一次性讲明白。

公钥=银行账户,地址=银行卡号

为了方便理解,我们还是采用《比特币的安全性到底有多高?》的比喻:「公钥」就像你的银行账户,「地址」就像你的银行卡号码。

以以太坊钱包为例,创建一个以太坊钱包后,会生成一个以“0x”开头的字符串,这个字符串就是钱包「地址」。

钱包的「地址」是由「公钥」通过计算得来,就像银行先给你开户,后给你银行卡卡号。

钱包「地址」的主要用途是收款,当然也可以作为转账的凭证,就像别人打钱给你时你需要告诉人家银行卡卡号一样。

密码=银行卡密码

在创建钱包时,需要自己设定一个「密码」,通常这个「密码」要求不少于8个字符。为了安全,「密码」最好设置复杂一点。

这个「密码」的用途有两个,一是转账时需要输入「密码」,类似于你用银行卡给别人转账需要输入密码;二是用Keystore导入钱包时,必须输入这个「密码」。

这个「密码」是可以进行修改或重置的。输入原「密码」后,就可以直接修改「密码」了;但如果原「密码」忘记了,可以用「私钥」或是「助记词」导入钱包,同时设置新的「密码」。

在现实世界中,一个银行卡只对应一个密码,密码修改后,原密码就失效了。但是区块链钱包中,一个钱包在不同手机上可以用不同的「密码」,彼此相互独立,互不影响。

私钥=银行卡号+银行卡密码

创建钱包后,输入「密码」可以导出「私钥」。这个「私钥」是由64个字符组成的字符串,当然有的钱包采用的编码不一样,字符数可能更少。一个钱包「地址」只有一个私钥且不能修改。

只要输入「私钥」并设置一个「密码」(不用输入原「密码」),就能进入钱包并拥有这个钱包的掌控权,就可以把钱包中的币转移走。

所以,私钥就相当于是“银行卡号+银行卡密码”,非常重要,一定要妥善保存。

助记词=私钥=银行卡号+银行卡密码

前面提到,「私钥」由64位字符串组成,所以非常容易抄错,于是就出现了「助记词」。

「助记词」,顾名思义,就是帮助你记录、记忆。「助记词」由12个单词组成,每个单词之间有一个空格,和「私钥」一样,一个钱包只有一套「助记词」且不能修改。

「助记词」和「私钥」具有同样的功能:只要输入「助记词」并设置一个「密码」(不用输入原「密码」),就能进入钱包并拥有这个钱包的掌控权,就可以把钱包中的币转移走。

「助记词」只能备份一次,备份后,在钱包中便不会再显示。因此,在备份时一定要抄写下来。

Keystore+密码=私钥

钱包里有一个备份「Keystore」的功能,选择备份「Keystore」,输入「密码」,会出现一大段代码,这个就是「Keystore」。

在导入钱包时,只要输入「Keystore」 和「密码」,就能进入钱包了。这一点和用「私钥」或「助记词」导入钱包不一样,后两者不需要知道原「密码」,而是直接重置「密码」。

「Keystore」可以理解为加密后的「私钥」,和钱包的「密码」有关,钱包的「密码」修改后,「Keystore」也发生相应变化。

需要特别注意的是,在用「Keystore」导入钱包时,需要输入「密码」,这个「密码」是备份「Keystore」时的钱包「密码」,与后来「密码」是否有修改无关。

结语

在现实世界中,如果你的银行卡丢了,密码忘了,可以去银行帮你找回,你的钱还是你的钱,丢不了,这是中心化的优势。

但是在区块链世界中,钱包信息要是丢了,就没人能够帮你找回。因此,只要你保护好钱包信息,钱包里面的财产只属于你自己,谁也抢不走,这是去中心化的优势。

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