FTX崩盘:市场分析

Block unicornPublished on 2022-11-11Last updated on 2022-11-11

Abstract

首先是Terra的崩盘,然后是中心化加密贷款机构破产,现在,世界上最大的加密货币交易所之一FTX(几乎可以肯定)破产了。

首先是Terra的崩盘,然后是中心化加密贷款机构破产,现在,世界上最大的加密货币交易所之一FTX(几乎可以肯定)破产了。

FTX的崩盘震动了整个行业的信心,部分原因是它的业务类型与Celsius这样的加密货币贷款机构根本不同。FTX是一家加密货币交易所,它提供的服务是促进交易者交易:他们为客户执行的每一笔交易中赚取交易手续费,FTX不是交易公司,也不是贷款人,所以理论上,他们在任何时候都能获得客户的100%的资产。

但我们现在知道,由于与FTX的姐妹公司Alameda Research存在危险的交织关系,以及不当使用FTX的本地加密货币FTT,情况并非如此。

在大规模资金外流之后,FTX停止了提款,不久之后,SBF(FTX的创始人兼CEO)宣布与竞争对手币安(Binance)进行 “ 战略交易 ”,以确保 “ 客户受到保护 ”。币安随后表示,它不会完成这笔交易(一些报道称,要让币安考虑这笔交易,FTX US必须被包括在内),并表示 “ 这些问题超出了我们的控制或帮助能力。” 据报道,SBF周三通知投资者,FTX将需要申请破产,缺口高达80亿美元。

具有讽刺意味的是,FTX向陷入困境的加密公司发放了超过7.5亿美元的信贷额度,这些公司最终破产的主要原因是挪用了客户的资金。虽然我们仍然不知道资产负债表漏洞的程度,也不知道收购是否会实现,但加密货币行业刚刚经历了一次划时代的重组。

FTT:一个被诅咒的混合体

世界上最大的交易所之一的迅速破产始于CoinDesk的一篇调查报道,报道称Alameda的资产负债表中有很大一部分是FTT, FTT是FTX创建的一种加密货币。这立刻引发了人们对金融交易法的质疑,即:金融交易法的实际目的是什么?

加密货币交易所长期以来一直发行自己的代币,除了给持有者提供交易费用折扣外,这些代币通常没有什么好处,但很少受到审查。如FTX的常见问题部分所述,以下是FTT的实用程序:

FTT有什么作用?FTT将成为不断增长的FTX生态系统的支柱:

FTT代币将在FTX上市。

FTX将交易手续费的三分之一,用来不断的购买FTT代币和进行销毁。

FTT将可在FTX上作为抵押品使用。

FTT将从FTX的支持性流动性基金中获得社会化收益。

销毁机制:不断的购买代币FTT销毁掉,直到FTT代币总量被销毁到一半为止。

我们对FTT了解得越多,就越觉得这种包装出来的加密货币支撑着FTX/Alameda帝国的很大一部分。这种代币的作用极其有限,但它被广泛地用作抵押品:在DeFi、FTX内部以及Alameda的账面上。

CoinDesk的调查显示,Alameda不仅在其资产负债表上有大量的FTT,而且还一直在使用FTT作为贷款的抵押品。这本身就应该引起警觉,但更大的问题是:谁接受了价值数十亿美元的FTT作为抵押品?新的报告表明,有问题的贷款人不是别人,正是FTX,我们可以通过一些链上侦察的工作来推断。

Alameda和大多数其他加密货币对冲基金在5月的市场崩盘期间遭受了巨大损失,FTX试图用自己的资金来换取FTT作为抵押品来修复这些损失。十有八九,这些资金中有一部分属于他们的客户。

Alamada资产负债表上的信息足以让币安首席执行官赵昌鹏(“CZ”)宣布,币安将清算其持有的所有FTT股权(作为退出FTX股权的一部分获得),这些股权当时价值约5亿美元。从那时起,事情开始分崩离析。

非流动性代币

FTT是一个相对缺乏流动性的代币,只在10个交易所活跃交易,共有23个现货市场。作为比较,BTC有~370个现货交易市场,SOL有~80个现货交易市场,DOGE(meme代币)有130多个现货交易市场(需要了解更多关于FTT流动性问题,可以查看Block unicornd的往期文章,点击这里)。

在CZ(赵长鹏)的推文之后,Alameda首席执行官Caroline Ellison发推文说,她的公司将以22美元的价格购买Binance的所有FTT。如果Alameda / FTX帝国的偿付能力取决于FTT,那么维持其价格可能是第一要务。

目前还不清楚这些场外讨论是否有进展,但在11月7日UTC时间晚上9点15分,FTT的流动性很快就从订单簿中撤出。Bitfinex的1%竞价深度从近200万美元下降到250美元以下,而Huobi的竞价深度在几分钟内从150万美元下降到3千美元以下。Binance和FTX的深度在同一时间段内保持不变,这表明可能是一个非Alameda做市商决定退出Bitfinex和Huobi市场,也许是在得到Binance和FTX之间的场外交易谈判破裂的消息后。

图片

Alameda很可能占了FTT做市活动的绝大多数,这就解释了为什么在抛售压力已经开始的情况下,FTT的价格在几天后才暴跌。在这一点上,在崩盘之前,市场深度急剧增加,表明存在买盘价(如果市场对某一个标的失去信心,买盘价就会一落千丈)。但流动性的突然崩溃确实提出了一个问题:如果公司的未来取决于维持其价格,为什么Alameda没有或不能采取更多措施来维持对FTT的出价。

流动性崩溃5小时后,FTT的价格跌至22美元以下。随着FTT在15-17美元区间反弹,流动性似乎有所改善,但在宣布将被币安收购FTX之前再次消失。消息一出,FTT的价格就上涨了,但很快就跌破了3美元。此后,FTT在所有市场的1%买盘价深度徘徊在20万美元左右,目前尚不清楚谁还在做市。

通过观察价格下滑,我们可以看到FTT流动性崩溃的速度有多快。通过模拟5万美元的市场卖出指令,在币安和FTX上市的两种流动性最强的FTT对的跌幅急剧上升。到周三,在FTX一个5万美元的FTT卖出订单将导致FTT价格大幅下跌8%(在这里提醒投资者,市值不代表流动性充足,流动不充足的情况下,市值100亿,也是海市蜃楼)。

图片

随着价格的下跌,大量的市场卖出订单源源不断。关于Multicoin Capital对FTT敞口的进一步披露表明,随着FTT跌至22美元以下,行业参与者正在迅速平仓FTT。通常情况下,交易者会将他们的订单分成更小的部分,以避免下滑,但在绝望的时候,公司会接受他们能得到的任何价格,许多订单超过10万美元。

图片

随着Binance的潜在收购消息的传播,FTT出现了短暂的飙升,有几个非常大的市场买单,可能是Alameda在试图推高价格,但市场很快就对这一举动的严重性重新定价。

到周二结束时,FTT交易量已飙升至历史新高,单日交易量高达3亿FTT。周三,Binance向所有交易者发出警告,由于极端的风险,停止所有FTT的购买和销售,此后交易量已经稳定下来。

图片

FTT如今几乎一文不值,它是一家账面上存在数十亿美元漏洞的交易所的代币。该代币在过去一周下跌了近90%,目前交易价格低于3美元,完全稀释后的估值略高于10亿美元。

不幸的是,由于FTX的重要性和Alameda Research使用FTT代币支持的错综复杂的投资网络,这场市场崩盘的损害扩散得非常广泛。

FTX/Alameda的连锁效应需要几个月的时间才能显现出来,而且其数量之多,无法用一篇文章完全讲述清楚。但让我们从FTX本身开始,然后扩展到Alameda和更广泛的影响。

炼狱中的FTX

FTX现在是在炼狱,交易所的所有资金实际上都变成了大富翁的钱或合法债权,这取决于你的时间跨度。做市商和投资用户都被困在交易所里,与其他市场隔绝,只能发展自己的生物圈,这一点最简单的体现是FTX上的ETH永续合约的价格,它在11月9日开始出现与其他交易所的ETH价格出现偏离。

图片

交易所的流动性蒸发了,这是可以理解的。BTC的4%市场深度从2,500万美元下降到低于200万美元;ETH从1,700万美元下降到低于75万美元。

图片

我们有理由期待,FTX市场将继续变得更加陌生,用户被困住的时间越长,与现实的联系就越少。

接着说Alameda,该公司持有大量的SOL和Solana生态系统代币。FTX也曾是该项目早期的支持者,SBF也经常对该网络给予高度评价。SOL的价格在崩盘中暴跌,FTX上的未平仓合约趋向于0。其他交易所的未平仓合约激增,再加上融资率猛烈下行,表明有大量做空。

Alameda长期以来一直参与Solana生态系统,并在投资具有大量完全摊薄估值和小市值的项目方面建立了声誉,这使得他们能够在早期散户投资者被击溃时获利。这些代币中的许多已经从历史最高点下跌了90%以上(对于OXY,代币市值历史最高点,总是在代币发行后立即出现)。然而,Alameda仍然持有这些代币,尽管它们后来流动性变得很差,该公司无法在代币在还没有归 0 的情况下,卖出所有代币。

虽然这对Solana及其生态系统来说是一个黑暗的时刻,但该网络将面临考验,因为它最重要(也是最具掠夺性的)支持者之一已经衰败(FTX或是SBF)。以太坊和比特币都经历了类似的——可能会更加艰难的——度过这场浩劫,之后就可以变得更强大。如果SOL能挺过这次浩劫,未来就可以发展的更好。

这种影响也已经蔓延到了以太坊。人们很快意识到,FTT是抵押稳定币MIM的一个主要支撑。链上调查显示,其中大部分是Alameda的头寸,当FTT达到6美元时,它将被清算。在这个消息中,MIM的挂钩开始动摇,尽管该团队很快宣布,它正在与Alameda合作,以减少他们的贷款规模。随后,MIM回到了稳定的挂钩,并没有看到其CRV池强烈资金流出,过去几天的MIM销毁量只比铸造多一点。

另一方面,Lido Staked Ether (stETH)CRV池在过去三天出现了大规模流出,超过6亿美元的净流出。stETH折扣也再次出现,目前在2%左右。虽然有些人猜测Alameda持有相当规模的stETH头寸,需要进行清算,但这种流动性的消除和折扣再次出现的确切原因还不完全清楚。

这仅仅是这次崩溃对市场造成震动的无数方式中的一个例子,包括中心化和去中心化的交易所,SBF的傲慢真正所带来的完整后果,在几个月内都不会被完全理解。

巨人变得更大

虽然收购似乎已经全部夭折,但一个Binance+FTX的巨无霸究竟会是什么样子?自2021年开始,相对于11个流动性最强的交易所,Binance的市场交易量份额已从47%攀升至71%,它的总交易量比其他所有交易所的总和还要大。

虽然FTX的交易量只是Binance的一小部分,但该交易所在牺牲其他交易所的情况下经历了相当大的增长。在同一时期,FTX的市场份额从2.5%攀升至7.5%,使该交易所成为Binance仅次于Coinbase的最强大的竞争对手。

图片

(其他9个交易所中包括FTX.US--0.8%--和Binance.US--1.7%--因此,如果考虑到这些美国实体,总市场份额甚至更大。)

现在让我们来看看收购后的市场份额,或者很可能是破产后的市场份额,假设Binance声称有任何前交易员使用FTX.US,那么这些交易员的市场份额就会增加。

图片

将Binance.US和FTX US折合成新的Binance巨无霸,该交易所将声称拥有超过80%的总市场份额。无论哪种情况--收购或破产--Binance的市场份额几乎肯定会激增。

失去Alameda的流动性

Alameda是加密货币行业最大的做市商之一,其他几家是Wintermute、B2C2、Genesis和Cumberland。虽然不可能知道它们对整个市场流动性的贡献有多大,但它们的资产负债表清楚地表明,该公司是一个具有系统重要性的做市商。

Alameda的破产可能已经影响到流动性,在过去的两天里,BTC-USD订单上的比特币数量从所有市场的约6000个下降到4000个。

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BTC和ETH在每一个交易所的价差都处于年度高点,这表明在极端的波动中,所有的做市商都对价格极度敏感。

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现在该做什么?

本月早些时候,SBF因提议对DeFi协议前端进行监管而受到猛烈抨击。监管机构应该直接关注那些以牺牲客户利益为代价进行严重风险管理不当的中心化实体,而不是DeFi。

加密货币中心化实体监管的三管齐下的方法应包括以下内容:

1. 交易所和集中式贷款人的储备证明,以证明他们至少可以1:1匹配存款。

2. 公司的交易/创业部门和他们的交易所业务之间的分离。

3. 披露这些交易部门的重要头寸,这些头寸可能导致市场范围内的传染,就像Alameda对FTT的披露。

但即使这三者都被实施,仍有两个主要问题:(1)储备证明不会显示负债;以及(2)监管套利。没有办法保证机构会诚实地行事,即使他们在区块链上广播资产。总会有一些司法管辖区允许公司玩得快,玩得好;这就是SBF在巴哈马同时向投资者发布坏消息的原因。(尽管加密货币领域的人们很痛苦地承认,美国的法规在这种情况下确实保护了客户,因为FTX.US可以继续处理提款)。

这两个问题非常难解决,但什么不面临这两个问题?DeFi可以做到不需要面临这两个困难的问题。这次崩盘,由充满欺骗和贪婪的错综复杂、不透明的网络造成——是DeFi有史以来最伟大的一次广告。

现在问题自然会转向Binance,Binance对BNB的风险有多大,如果它降到0美元会发生什么?Binance是否挪用客户资产进行投资,如果发生类似的银行挤兑事件,他们能否在交易所1:1匹配提款?希望Binance将尽其所能建立透明、稳固的财务状况,以避免这种类型的银行挤兑。

FTX的崩盘对行业是一个残酷的打击,我们对所有受到伤害的投资消费者用户感同身受。FTX7%的市场份额将被取代,但重建失去的信任将是该行业目前最艰难的挑战。但我们相信,这个行业会恢复。最终,加密货币已经一次又一次地证明了自己的弹性,这要感谢无数的建设者和创新者,他们致力于建立一个去中心化和透明的金融未来。

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While such anonymity may foster a community-driven culture, it intensifies concerns about governance and accountability. Who are the Investors of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? The available information indicates that DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) does not have any known institutional backers or prominent venture capital investments. The project seems to operate on a peer-to-peer model focused on community support and adoption rather than traditional funding routes. Its activity and liquidity are primarily situated on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), such as PumpSwap, rather than established centralized trading platforms, further highlighting its grassroots approach. How DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) Works The operational mechanics of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) can be elaborated on based on its blockchain design and network attributes: Consensus Mechanism: By leveraging Solana’s unique proof-of-history (PoH) combined with a proof-of-stake (PoS) model, the project ensures efficient transaction validation contributing to the network's high performance. Tokenomics: While specific deflationary mechanisms have not been extensively detailed, the vast maximum token supply implies that it may cater to microtransactions or niche use cases that are still to be defined. Interoperability: There exists the potential for integration with Solana’s broader ecosystem, including various decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. However, the details regarding specific integrations remain unspecified. Timeline of Key Events Here is a timeline that highlights significant milestones concerning DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): 2023: The initial deployment of the token occurs on the Solana blockchain, marked by its contract address. 2024: DIGITAL GOLD gains visibility as it becomes available for trading on decentralized exchanges like PumpSwap, allowing users to trade it against SOL. 2025: The project witnesses sporadic trading activity and potential interest in community-led engagements, although no noteworthy partnerships or technical advancements have been documented as of yet. Critical Analysis Strengths Scalability: The underlying Solana infrastructure supports high transaction volumes, which could enhance the utility of $BITCOIN in various transaction scenarios. Accessibility: The potential low trading price per token could attract retail investors, facilitating wider participation due to fractional ownership opportunities. Risks Lack of Transparency: The absence of publicly known backers, developers, or an audit process may yield skepticism regarding the project's sustainability and trustworthiness. Market Volatility: The trading activity is heavily reliant on speculative behavior, which can result in significant price volatility and uncertainty for investors. Conclusion DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) emerges as an intriguing yet ambiguous project within the rapidly evolving Solana ecosystem. While it attempts to leverage the “digital gold” narrative, its departure from Bitcoin's established role as a store of value underscores the need for a clearer differentiation of its intended utility and governance structure. Future acceptance and adoption will likely depend on addressing the current opacity and defining its operational and economic strategies more explicitly. Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

429 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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