UGC平台,为啥在Web3.0里混得有点艰难?

肖飒lawyerPublished on 2022-10-20Last updated on 2022-10-20

Abstract

今天就与大家深入聊一聊,我国UGC平台面临的困境,并从中寻找出路。

从Web1.0到Web3.0,我们经历了互联网数据内容从可读到可写,再到可持有的整个过程,整个互联网的生态和格局也在不断演进中呈现出更加多样的可能性,用户渐渐成为了网络数据内容最主要的来源之一,换言之,传统互联网大厂正在从内容的创造者、控制者转变为网络技术服务的提供者、数据聚合者和内容展示者。

无论是从Web2传统大厂来看,还是从Web3目前最主要的用例NFT数字藏品来看,PGC平台都正在渐渐向UGC平台转化和过渡,并且,由于UGC平台的流量变现功能和海量的新奇内容,使得以UGC内容为主的平台的活跃度明显高于传统以PGC内容为主的平台。这一趋势某种程度上为我们提供了一个可靠的预测:UGC平台才是未来。

但是,UGC平台在为用户提供更多消费产品、更多变现渠道的同时,对于用户上传的内容却难以做到有效审查,诸多侵权作品、抄袭作品充斥平台,这不仅侵犯了原作品权利人的合法权益,也为平台增加了大量的侵权风险。飒姐团队今天就与大家深入聊一聊,我国UGC平台面临的困境,并从中寻找出路。

一、PGC到UGC,一场用户权利的革命

UGC是互联网术语,全称为User Generated Content(也被称为UCC,即User-created Content),可以理解为“用户生成内容”或“用户原创内容”。这一概念最早起源于互联网领域,即用户将自己原创的内容通过互联网平台进行展示或者提供给其他用户。UGC是Web2.0区别于Web1.0最本质的特征,使得用户从互联网的消费者渐渐变为了互联网的参与者和生产者。与之相对的,则是PGC,全称为Professional Generated Content,从字面意义理解,即专业生产内容。传统的广播电视行业就是典型的PGC模式,用户打开电视只能被动接受电视台输出的内容,不仅无法参与电视内容的创造,甚至无法选择自己想看的内容。

从PGC到UGC实际上是一个权利逐渐下放于用户的过程,或者说,这是一场用户权利的革命,但与Web1到Web2由互联网巨头自上而下的变革不同,Web3革命是由用户发起的,自下而上的“夺权”。随着高速移动网络、云计算、智能终端设备的发展,用户对互联网内容渐渐拥有了选择权和创造权,而Web3革命的核心要义,就是让用户进一步拥有对互联网内容的控制权。当然,该控制权仅及于用户自身创造的或享有某些特定权利的内容,Web3 Builder们将这一愿景寄托于区块链技术来实现。

二、 中国UGC平台们面临的侵权风险

UGC平台千千万,从大厂到小厂,从短视频到音乐图片,都面临着一个严肃的问题:侵权。某著名图片版权平台还专门开发出一套全网侵权检测系统,对各大UGC平台进行监控,一旦发现平台上存在用户上传的侵权作品,立刻就会重拳出击。甚至有一些品行恶劣的平台还会采用“钓鱼执法”的方式,故意将版权内容散播到各大平台,引诱他人侵权。正是由于此等“版权巨魔”的存在,UGC平台们往往面临着很高的侵权风险。

对于用户上传内容侵权平台是否承担侵权责任?承担多大的侵权责任?在以往的司法实践中普遍使用两个原则进行判断和考察:避风港原则和红旗原则。

所谓“避风港原则”,指的是在发生网络侵权事件时,网络服务提供者在接到权利人的合法通知后,及时依法采取必要措施的,无需承担侵权责任(又称“通知-删除”原则)。“红旗原则”指的是网络服务提供者对显而易见的侵权行为,选择视而不见的,应该承担法律责任。2020年公布的《民法典》中,吸收了二者,同时又在整合已出台法律规定和司法实践经验的基础上,作出了一定的突破,构建起了一个更具可操作性的网络侵权责任规范体系。而对于UGC平台来说,其审核义务却加重了。

目前在司法实践中,UGC平台往往因为“没有尽到较高注意义务”而被法院判决承担侵权责任,而该“较高注意义务”的来源,则是根据最高人民法院《关于审理侵害信息网络传播权民事纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的规定》(以下简称《规定》)第十一条:网络服务提供者从网络用户提供的作品、表演、录音录像制品中直接获得经济利益的,人民法院应当认定其对该网络用户侵害信息网络传播权的行为负有较高的注意义务。

那么,何为“直接获得经济利益”?该条司法解释第二款明确:网络服务提供者针对特定作品、表演、录音录像制品投放广告获取收益,或者获取与其传播的作品、表演、录音录像制品存在其他特定联系的经济利益,应当认定为前款规定的直接获得经济利益。网络服务提供者因提供网络服务而收取一般性广告费、服务费等,不属于本款规定的情形。

三、应如何理解《规定》?司法实践存在争议

按照《规定》第十一条,判断平台是否需要承担较高注意义务,取决于其是否从用户上传作品中“直接获得经济利益”。但飒姐团队认为,《规定》第十一条存在模糊和矛盾之处,在司法实践中存在争议。

《规定》要求的“存在特定联系的经济利益”应当指的是在侵权行为发生时,可以确定的、与作品相关的、能够由网络服务提供者获得的经济利益。之所以如此,是因为如果在侵权行为发生时,该经济利益尚不能确定是否会由平台方获得。

用NFT数字藏品UGC平台举例,谁都不能保证用户上传的NFT一定能被卖出去,那么如果该NFT无法卖出平台当然也无法获取任何经济利益。如果一直卖不出去,此时根据司法解释第一条规定,无论如何解释,都无法认为“网络服务提供者从网络用户提供的作品、表演、录音录像制品中直接获得经济利益”。故而根据规定,此时网络服务提供者便不会承担较高的注意义务。

这样的后果是,平台是否承担较高的注意义务完全取决于审查时尚不能确定的一种可能性事件,取决于审查后不知多久才能实现的结果,甚至于完全可能存在被侵权人促使该事项发生从而向平台主张责任的情况,这无疑会滋生极大的道德风险。

飒姐团队认为,如果司法解释制定者想要网络服务提供者针对不确定的经济利益也需要承担更高的注意义务,完全可以将司法解释制定为“网络服务提供者从网络用户提供的作品、表演、录音录像制品中直接获得经济利益或者具有直接获得经济利益的可能性的”或是“网络服务提供者从网络用户提供的作品、表演、录音录像制品中直接或间接获得经济利益的”。但最高法最终采取的方案是确定为“网络服务提供者从网络用户提供的作品、表演、录音录像制品中直接获得经济利益的”,可见,只有在审查时已经确定网络服务提供者能够从中获益的情况下,才能认定为直接获得经济利益,从而要求平台在审核时就尽到“较高注意义务”。

写在最后

当然,除此之外,我国法律并未对“较高注意义务”作出明确规定,从司法实践来看,即使平台已经使用AI+人工双审核机制,但由于平台每天的上传量较为巨大,依然难以防止出现漏网之鱼。诚然,漏网之鱼一定程度上反映了平台审核机制的不完善,但试问当前又是否存在尽善尽美的审核?

飒姐团队认为,较高注意义务应当有一个合理边界,其判断标准既要考虑到本行业的商业习惯,又要考虑到行业的平均审核能力,制定出切实可行的指引。另外,在司法实践中,法院应当对“钓鱼执法”、“撒钉子”式侵权诉讼,进行合法、合理的区别对待,切勿让法律成为不当牟利的工具。

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