比特币的新里程碑,被低估的闪电网络

白话区块链Published on 2022-10-14Last updated on 2022-10-14

Abstract

据 1ML 网站统计数据显示,比特币闪电网络锁定的比特币数量已突破 5000 枚(目前为 5015.23 枚),价值约 9366 万美元。

据 1ML 网站统计数据显示,比特币闪电网络锁定的比特币数量已突破 5000 枚(目前为 5015.23 枚),价值约 9366 万美元。此外,当前闪电网络节点数据为 17700 ,通道数量为 85983。

作为比特币迈向全球支付网络的努力,闪电网络虽然近两年关注度越发低沉,但确实在日拱一卒地不断扩张,5000 枚比特币的容量也是一个新的里程碑。

01

闪电网络:比特币的「支付」初心

我们有必要再回顾一下闪电网络当时的初心,作为加密世界最早落地的 Layer2 技术实践,它的核心使命就是推动比特币「全球支付」的愿景不断落地。

从 17 年开始,随着比特币价格的不断上涨和使用量的剧增,受限于区块容量、10 分钟出块机制和打包交易设计的它,手续费一路水涨船高,最高时单笔手续费甚至高达上百美元,愈发脱离「全球支付」的本心,矛盾就开始加剧。

也是从那时起,比特币不再被作为「货币」,而是更多地被大家作为大宗商品和黄金类比。这也引出了一个几度翻转的争辩不休的话题:比特币究竟是「全球支付」属性多一点,还是「数字黄金」多一点?

而 2020 年前所未有的机构入场步伐,则使市场几乎默认了比特币「数字黄金」的价值定位。(当然如今似乎整个加密市场都成为了看美联储和美股眼色的小跟班)。

对于每秒钟仅能处理7笔交易的比特币来说,如何实现小额、高频、快捷的零售场景下即时支付,如何能使得用比特币买一瓶矿泉水、点一杯咖啡重新成为可能,一度成为其「全球支付」愿景的最大痛点所在。

诸多尝试由此展开,其中就包括了闪电网络(Lightning Network)这条从一开始就争议不断的道路——也即对于比特币的支付场景的提振,就成了比特币 Layer2 也即闪电网络的重要使命。

所以从 2018 年 3 月测试版开始,闪电网络正式落地,旨在将交易放到比特币主链之外,使得用户以更低的费用和更高的效率提存转移比特币:

在主链之外,闪电网络允许节点间打开支付通道,所有付款通道保持活跃,直到任何一方自愿离开渠道关闭它,理论上可以支持每秒数百万以上的交易,交易时间以毫秒计,交易费用极低,足以支持小额、高频的零售场景支付。

这使得用比特币买一瓶矿泉水这样的应用场景重新变得经济可行(当然,也正因此,目前单笔金额过大就会使得成功率大大降低),天然为解决比特币小额快速支付而生。

02

闪电网络的曲折发展

不过由于安全性等诸多技术争议和市场的认知惯性,进展相对缓慢,技术也向来不止于技术,作为与区块链世界最具权势的公司之一,Blockstream 有着千丝万缕联系的解决方案,闪电网络一直都承载了多重交锋:

在曾经事关比特币头等大事的「扩容之争」中,Blockstream 代表的 Core 派支持隔离见证+闪电网络,不支持扩容;而吴忌寒代表的「大区块派」支持扩容 + 隔离同时进行,这也使得闪电网络一度成为战场攻讦的焦点。

而闪电网络在 2019 年年中锁定的比特币数量达到 1000 枚后,2019 年下半年及 2020 年全年的增量近乎陷于停滞。

直到进入 2021 年后才开始复苏,到 2021 年 6 月锁定的比特币数量相比 2021年年初增长 42%,突破了 1500 枚,随后一年时间更是猛增 2500 枚左右——截至今年 6 月比特币闪电网络容量突破 4000 枚比特币。

如今又三个月过去,又增长了 1000 枚,创下历史最快增长记录。

总的来看,对于普通用户而言,闪电网络的技术原理其实完全可以作为一个技术黑箱。毕竟行业内目前其实也有公议,当下闪电网络只建议小额支付:

一是大额支付比小额支付更容易耗尽通道资金;

二是闪电网络目前规模还不大,安全性、易用性都存在一些问题,可能存在一些未知的风险。

在闪电网络尚不成熟的今天,建议尽量避免在通道上存储大量资金。所以可以预见的是,尽管闪电网络在自身规模和交易所等支持受众上已经开始取得可喜突破,但对于更大更远的未来,还充满着未知。

毕竟对自发运行十数年尚未出现大规模安全事件的比特币而言,具体落地才四年的闪电网络,仍显得稚嫩,需要时间和市场慢慢做出反应。

03

星火可见的 2022 年

从某种角度讲,对于多年来一直处于缓慢爬坡状态的闪电网络研发和落地进展来说,今年的 Kraken 加持与资本密集入局的动作,使得闪电网络的星星之火已渐有燎原之势。

尤其是今年一些意料之外的头部交易所和机构巨头的加持开始明显增多,成为其安全性和普适性认可的有力背书。

其中最直接的就是今年 4 月的比特币 2022 大会上,股票和加密资产交易平台 Robinhood 在 Bitcoin 2022 大会上表示,Robinhood 的加密资产钱包将支持比特币闪电网络。

而加密交易所 Kraken 也已支持比特币闪电网络,并面向所有用户开放,以及比特币闪电网络开发团队 Lightning Labs 完成的 7000 万美元 B 轮融资,它也将基于比特币闪电网络推出稳定币协议 Taro。

此外,Alyse Killeen 旗下风投机构 Stillmark 计划为新基金「Stillmark Credit Fund」筹集 5 亿美元资金,专注于支持投资比特币闪电网络基础设施。

此外,闪电网络相关的投融资事件也在增多:

4 月份,闪电网络支付平台 Strike 于 Bitcoin 2022 大会上表示,与 Shopify、支付提供商 Blackhawk Network、销售点供应商 NCR 合作建立了一个新的支付系统,该系统允许商家在客户使用加密资产付款后快速接收美元付款。

4 月份,基于闪电网络的点对点网络基础设施 Impervious 宣布完成种子轮融资,融资金额未披露;

5 月份,墨西哥比特币交易所 Tauros 已集成闪电网络;

5 月份,由 Meta 加密资产主管 David Marcus 创立的比特币闪电网络公司 Lightspark 完成了一轮融资,融资金额未披露;

6 月份,基于比特币和闪电网络的支付平台 Mash 宣布完成 600 万美元种子轮融资;

最值得关注的还有上个月比特币闪电网络开发团队 Lightning Labs 发布的 Taro v0.1.0 测试版本,将允许比特币开发人员在比特币上创建、发送和接收资产。

据称在接下来的几个月中,Taro 将添加更多增强功能,包括 Universes,以允许用户和资产发行人提供有关资产来源、供应发行的证明,并更轻松地与 Taro 资产数据进行交互,一旦链上功能完成,就会引入闪电网络。

这意味着比特币在闪电网络这个 Layer2 中的资产属性也将慢慢凸显,从而作为作为核心资产对其他衍生资产产生价值支撑,譬如发行稳定币等,并通过闪电网络进行转移,这无疑会是全新的定位,甚至复刻一波基于闪电网络的比特币 DeFi 热潮。

04

小结

大风起于青萍之末,日拱一卒、争议中艰难前行的的闪电网络,在小额支付上做的努力,究竟能在比特币 「全球支付」的野望中扮演怎样的角色,请拭目以待。

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