美联储加息将如何影响加密市场?

蜂巢TechPublished on 2022-03-15Last updated on 2022-03-15

Abstract

不出意外,美联储预计将在3月17日(北京时间)发布利率决议,上调联邦基准利率成为大概率事件。

不出意外,美联储预计将在3月17日(北京时间)发布利率决议,上调联邦基准利率成为大概率事件。

除了2月美国CPI的高企外,俄罗斯与乌克兰的冲突也推高了能源、粮食等大宗商品的价格,加剧了通胀水平,全球金融市场都高度关注本周即将到来的美联储议息会议,分析师们普遍预测利率将会达到2.5%。

在真正的加息到来之前,俄乌冲突成了一个重大变量,加息预期变高,并造成了金融市场的高波动性。

仅仅上周,黄金价格飙升至2060美元/盎司的历史新高;原油和大宗商品大幅上涨;加密资产市场在3月10日短暂高涨至45800美元后回落,走势持续低迷;美股市场尽管也在10日强劲反弹,但道指、标普500指数和纳指仍在上周时以收跌结束。

美国的货币宽松政策即将结束,金融市场的玩家们迫切地想要知道,美联储加息将会如何影响股市、加密资产和其他投资?

金融服务商Bankrate的首席金融分析师Greg McBride表示,过去从超低利率中受益最多的资产会在利率上升中最容易受到回调影响,「比如未来收益良好的高增长股票和加密资产等非现金流产生的资产。」

加息预期下 金融市场普跌

虽然美联储还没有加息,但收紧货币政策的态势几乎板上钉钉了。

美国劳工部3月10日公布的数据显示,美国2月的消费者价格指数(CPI)同比飙升7.9%,创下40年来的新高。而2月经通胀调整的平均时薪同比下降2.6%,创下去年5月以来最大降幅,而且是连续11个月下降。物价的飞涨抵消了工资的增长。

如此通胀环境下,2月下旬,俄乌战争爆发,推高了大宗商品的价格。国际石油价格在冲突初期曾飙升至每桶100美元,上周一度达130美元。与此同时,小麦期货价格从每蒲式耳8美元飙升至12美元以上。战争加剧了全球通胀攀升至更高水平的担忧。

抑制通胀,美联储加息「箭在弦上」。在此前的美国国会听证会上,美联储主席鲍威尔称,中性利率可能位于2%-2.5%,但也有可能更高。包括CME的美联储观察工具在内的金融分析机构预计,美联储将升息0.25个百分点。

高利率预期下,金融市场已经呈现出普跌特征。

以美股为例,多项指数在去年收盘时仍接近历史高点。不过,从那以后,大多时候都在下跌,自年初以来,标准普尔500指数已经下跌了约12%,而以科技股为主的纳斯达克综合指数跌幅更大,为18%,道琼斯工业指数下跌了约10%。

亚特兰大地区的Merit Financial Advisors投资组合策略主管凯莱布•塔克(Caleb Tucker)表示,「股市是向前看的,因此加息的预期已经产生了影响。」Bankrate首席金融分析师格雷格•麦克布莱德(Greg McBride)也表示,从2022年初开始,由于预期美联储将加息以遏制通胀,股市就开始回落。」

风险较高的投资更是受到了加息预期的影响。Cloudflare、Datadog等高增长的科技股已分别从几个月前的52周高点下跌了约58%和35%。而加密资产市场的主流资产比特币从去年11月的历史高点下跌了约44%,市值第二大的以太坊则下跌了49%。

由于金融市场上流动的资金减少,这对整体投资来说是一个净减值。「利率上升总是会引发一段时期的股市波动,」经纪平台Tradier 的首席执行官丹·拉朱 (Dan Raju) 认为,「美联储表示多次加息的事实意味着我们将经历持续波动的一年。」

但如果基础经济能保持强劲,波动也可能是短暂的,因为经济基本面强劲也会导致利率上升。「纳指、道指和标普500指数的历史数据和趋势表明,市场往往会在大约三周内复苏。」拉朱说。

高利率将成为加密资产的不利因素?

无论是通货膨胀、低利率、缺乏购买力还是美元贬值,只要加密资产在上涨,这些积极因素很容易被误解为抗压性,直到俄乌战争打破了这些幻想。

2月24日,俄乌战争爆发当天,加密资产市场大跌,比特币一度下探至34222美元,日内跌幅接近10%,其身上的「数字黄金」、「避险资产」标签深受质疑,「风险资产」的属性愈加明显。

「加密资产曾被视为一种通胀对冲工具,但最近它们的行为更像股票等其他风险资产,」投资咨询公司 Merit的投资组合策略主管凯莱布•塔克(Caleb Tucker)认为,「未来,更高的利率将对加密资产构成不利因素。」

事实上,与其他风险资产一样,加密货币也对流动性减少做出了反应。去年11月,美联储宣布将开始缩减债券购买规模并暗示利率很快就会上升,加密货币也随之下跌。

比特币标普500指数之前下跌

正如上图所示,比特币在标普500指数之前就开始下跌,它并不能对冲该指数。作为对美联储行动的反馈,在标普500指数之前,比特币于11月开始下跌。

在Bankrate首席金融分析师格雷格•麦克布莱德看来,过去从超低利率中受益最多的资产,在利率上升的背景下最容易受到回调的影响,「比如未来收益良好的高增长股票和加密货币等非现金流产生资产。」

尽管经纪平台 Tradier 的首席执行官丹·拉朱 (Dan Raju)承认加密资产肯定会受到更高利率的不利影响,但他预计这一年会上涨,「我坚信加密资产将在 2022 年成为净利好,因为任何由加息驱动的短期下跌都将被更多机构和零售活跃交易者的采用而抵消。」

3月14日,特斯拉创始人埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)在推特上表示,他仍然拥有且「不会出售」他的比特币、以太坊和狗狗币,建议人们不要在通胀高企时持有美元。去年,他在特斯拉的资产负债表中增加了15亿美元的比特币,曾在加密世界掀起冲击波。

结束量化宽松政策将是2022 年的美国经济管理部门的主要基调,目前最大的问题是利率可能会上升到多高,这种不确定性本身就推动了市场的波动,仍需要本周美联储的加息会议给出答案。

短期投资者将为高利率感到恐慌,市场大幅波动的可能性增加,而长期投资者可能会将冲击和恐慌视作低价买入的理想时机。如果价格继续暴跌呢?巴菲特对这种情况道出过一些智慧,「机会很少来,天上掉馅饼时,要用水桶去接,而不是用顶针。」

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