以太坊:合并后,对MEV的影响

去中心化金融社区Published on 2022-09-13Last updated on 2022-09-13

Abstract

在9月14日到15日的晚上,期待已久的以太坊合并将要到来。

在9月14日到15日的晚上,期待已久的以太坊合并将要到来。随着对权益证明(PoS)的共识改变,新的矿工可提取价值(MEV)风险可能会出现。让我们回顾一下区块生产/验证给链带来的主要变化,并看看这些变化是如何影响验证者、MEV和DeFi协议的。

ETH 2.0:共识和区块生产的变化

首先,通过权益证明共识机制,发布一个区块需要2/3的验证者投票,而没有投票的人的权益会被削减。这与工作证明(PoW)相比是非常不同的,在PoW中,没有其他人必须表达他们对区块的认可来使其有效。

PoS将链分为“slot”,32个slot一组称为“epoch”。每个slot都有机会将一个区块添加到链中。slot(可能是区块)精确地每12秒发生一次,而不是以前的大约13秒。每个区块的2个ETH挖矿奖励减少了约90%,变成了每个区块的0.22 ETH质押奖励。

信标链上的一个epoch

合并后的 ETH 发行

这对于ETH的供应来说是件好事,但也会对验证者的行为产生重要的影响,因为交易费用(小费)在其收入中的份额会更高。这将使MEV最大化对增加收入和获得市场份额的竞争验证变得更加重要。

PoW和PoS之间的另一个关键区别是,PoS中下一个epoch(32个slot)的验证者集的选择是确定的。换句话说,PoW中区块的矿工只有在挖出区块之后才知道,但一个epoch的32个slot的验证者是提前知道的。

这为验证者引入了全新的行为类型,因为他们现在可以提前选择将哪些交易包含在区块中。事实上,大多数验证实体都控制多个验证者,甚至可以连续验证多个区块。

多区块验证

@alrevuelta写了一篇非常有趣的研究文章(https://alrevuelta.github.io/posts/ethereum-mev-multiblock),他根据单个实体拥有的验证者的份额来估计这个概率。他的发现表明,一个控制10%验证者的实体有25%的机会在每个epoch中连续验证两个区块。

这个概率在 5% 的验证者中降低到 7.15%,在 1% 的情况下降低到 0.3%。

当控制验证者的份额 p 时,连续验证 n 个区块的概率。

PoS下的区块验证的这种新情况打开了新的MEV机会,因为验证者有意识地连续验证一个或多个区块。

例如,这可能允许攻击者连续验证两个区块,在区块 N 开始预言机操作或套利,并仅在区块 N+1 关闭它。

正如@euler_mab的文章中(https://github.com/euler-xyz/uni-v3-twap-manipulation/blob/master/cost-of-attack.pdf)详细描述的那样,这些操纵Uniswap池的TWAP(时间加权平均价格)的多区块攻击对攻击者意味着非常不同的要求,不能保证成功,但仍然有可能。

我们可以想象一个新版本的MEV-boost,矿工使用Flashbots客户端来接收来自MEV搜索者的区块,向验证者发送一个区块,而且连续发送两个区块,在这两个区块之间组织交易。

但在实践中它有多现实呢?

谁控制验证者

为了看看我们是否能在实践中期待这样的MEV机会,我们首先必须查看整个验证者集,并看看谁控制着它们。在这方面已经有很多很棒的资源,比如rated.network或beaconcha.in。

信标链验证者池分布

Coinbase、Kraken和币安分别运行14%、8.5%和6.5%的ETH PoS验证者:它们很可能会频繁地对多个区块进行验证。

Lido代表了约30%的验证者,但目前有28个节点运营者。他们都是公共实体,没有一个控制超过 6% 的池。所有其他拥有超过 1% 验证者的实体都由公共实体控制并受到严格审查。

虽然这看起来很可怕,但我高度怀疑1),大型交易所将放弃构建自己的区块(例如为客户提供区块空间)来做MEV的优势,2),公共实体将公开执行MEV活动。

这使我们剩下的其他实体控制了约 1% 或更少的验证者。那么他们会不会都运行MEV -boost来从MEV搜索引擎中获利并获得市场份额?

为了纠正Flashbots在他们主要的MEV-boost客户端中执行的交易审查,他们最近开源了代码。我们会看到新的mev-boost弹出窗口客户端吗?

结论

随着时间的推移,我们应该会看到一系列不同的验证者行为,从“最大的提取-最低的道德”到“不提取-公益验证者”。Lido和其他去中心化的池未来可能会在这里发挥非常重要的作用。

无论如何,一些DeFi协议已经开始保护自己和用户不受这种可能性的影响。

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