Etherscan:合并前夕的各种指标

去中心化金融社区Published on 2022-09-09Last updated on 2022-09-09

Abstract

我们期待已久的时刻终于到了!合并终于要在以太坊上发生了,计划会发生在9月14-15日。

我们期待已久的时刻终于到了!合并终于要在以太坊上发生了,计划会发生在9月14-15日。

在我们准备进入权益证明以太坊的新世界之际,我们回顾了与质押相关的关键指标。

所涉及的指标包括:

存款金额

验证者分布

节点分布

客户分布

存款金额

信标链存款合约目前是整个以太坊网络中ETH最大的单一持有者,占所有ETH的11.3%。

以太坊的顶级账户

在经历了2021年逐步下降后,该合约的保证金在2022年3月飙升,创下了有史以来的单月最高金额。这一势头一直维持到5月中旬,此后又再次放缓。

按实体对数据进行分组后发现,其他的存款几乎全部来自Lido,这主要得益于与Aave的关键集成。它们使Lido被推到了验证者的顶端。由于他们在5月份的份额比例接近33%,Lido自行限制了存款——6月份以来,他们的存款降到了最低。

从 6 月开始,蓝条明显消失了

验证者分布

Lido迅速获得质押份额导致了对以太坊去中心化的担忧。乍一看,似乎Lido一家就占了近1/3,而事实是有3家实体占了以太坊验证者的50%以上。

按实体排列的顶级存款人

然而,Lido由29个独立的节点操作者组成。跨每个节点操作者拆分数据会导致图表不那么集中。在这个视图中,12个实体需要组成50%的验证者。

按实体划分的最高存款人(Lido)

这与工作证明以太坊相比如何?在PoW以太坊中,仅三个矿池就占了超过50%的哈希率。

前 25 名矿工图表

自从OFAC将Tornado Cash添加到他们的列表后,关于潜在审查的讨论在以太坊社区中一直都很受关注。一些人担心,如果验证者被其管辖范围内的当局强制审查,以太坊协议本身也会受到审查。

让我们来看看按辖区划分的存款人的情况。根据前50家已知实体的公司注册情况推断,我们发现略少于1/3的验证者位于单一管辖区(美国)。

值得注意的是,占据美国市场近一半份额的Coinbase承诺,如果情况需要,它将停止质押,而不是审查交易。

节点分布

与中心化有关的一个问题是节点的分布。三个独立的数据源显示,美国和德国占所有节点的50%以上。

对于托管节点,数据的一致性较差。Eth2 Nodewatch报告75%的节点没有托管,而Ethernodes报告几乎完全相反,它们是70%的托管节点。

深入研究Ethernodes的托管节点,我们会发现其中绝大多数都位于美国和德国,这与上面的地理数据相吻合。

Ethernodes 的托管节点分布

质押服务提供商可能需要考虑使其节点分布多样化,以确保自己和网络有更好的稳定性。

客户分布

另一个重要方面是共识层和执行层的客户端多样性。如果在一个特定的客户端上运行太多的节点,那么整个链可能会出现活跃失效的风险,如果客户端遇到错误,那么运行该客户端的所有验证者都会受到惩罚。

在这一点上,共识层分布有了很大的改善。几个月前,Prysm在所有共识客户中占75%。

clientdiversity.org上的执行层客户端分布

执行层客户端多样性仍然是一个主要挑战。虽然像Erigon和Nethermind这样的客户端一直在改进,但Geth仍然是大多数节点所依赖的客户端。如果Geth出现了一个严重的bug,所有在执行层使用它的验证者都将面临惩罚。

正如本文中所看到的,以太坊去中心化的稳定性是一项正在进行的工作。在这些去中心化指标之外,以太坊网络的最后一个防御层是它的社区。如果链上发生了攻击,而上述指标被证明不足以抵御攻击,社区可以支持分叉以太坊,移除攻击方的质押,并继续我们的生活。

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