对话达利欧:当下正处AI泡沫中,投资组合的1%是比特币

marsbitPublished on 2026-08-02Last updated on 2026-08-02

Abstract

桥水基金创始人瑞·达利欧在访谈中指出,当前AI热潮已显现经典泡沫特征,高估值与过度借贷可能在未来经济变故下引发资产抛售与衰退。他强调,这背后是更宏大的“大周期”在起作用,即贫富差距、政府债务高企及地缘政治变动共同驱动的约80年循环,目前全球秩序正处力量交替的衰退阶段。 为应对不确定性,达利欧建议个人投资者进行多元化资产配置,包括股票、黄金、债券等,而非仅持有现金。他透露自己投资组合中约有1%为比特币,认为其具备硬通货特性,但个人更偏好实物黄金。对于AI的影响,他认为这将在更高层面替代人类思维,加剧贫富差距,而善于运用人类情感、直觉并与AI协作的人将更具优势。 谈及英美热议的“财富税”,达利欧认为操作困难,可能引发资本外流或刺破泡沫。关于世界秩序,他预判未来可能走向区域化发展,而非单一主导。最后,他指出美国卷入伊朗冲突暴露了其军事与经济影响力的脆弱性,类似历史上大英帝国的衰落征兆。

来源:《The Diary Of A CEO》

整理:Felix, PANews

曾预言 2008 年金融危机的桥水基金创始人瑞·达利欧,将公司从自己的两居室公寓发展成为管理资产规模约 1500 亿美元的巨头。此外,达利欧还著有《原则》、《应对变化的世界秩序的原则》和《国家如何破产》等书籍。

近日,达利欧在《The Diary Of A CEO》播客节目中,深入剖析了由债务积累、贫富差距以及地缘政治动荡所驱动的“大周期”理论。他指出,当前的 AI 热潮表现出明显的泡沫特征,这种现象在历史上往往是经济大幅动荡的前兆。由于政府债务沉重且社会内部冲突加剧,全球秩序正处于力量交替的衰退阶段,这使得英国和美国等传统国家面临严峻挑战。

为了在不确定的未来保护个人财富,达利欧建议投资者通过黄金等多元化资产进行对冲,而非仅仅依赖现金或单一股票。他强调,在技术革新与社会变革中,保持极强的适应性并理解历史运行规律,是个人和国家生存发展的关键。

PANews 对访谈精华进行了整理。

主持人:你是否看到了我们正处于 AI 泡沫中并可能因此导致经济崩溃的迹象?

达利欧:是的,出现了经典的泡沫迹象。这对经济有影响,对社会不利,大家都会赔钱。但同时还有其他问题正在发生。我是一名全球宏观投资者,现在我们对 AI 感到非常兴奋,它将带来革命性的变化,取代人类的身体和部分思维逻辑。但与此同时,我们还面临地缘政治问题,比如中国已经取代美国成为多数国家的最大贸易伙伴,世界秩序正在改变。此外,我们还面临巨大的贫富差距和政府资金短缺问题。当经济出现衰退时,人们就会互相攻击。

主持人:投资人 Jeremy Grantham 曾告诉我,我们正面临 AI 泡沫和潜在的经济崩溃。如果看数据的话,这与历史相符,顶峰可能很快到来。他认为这可能是美国历史上最大的投资泡沫。你对此有何看法?

达利欧:他是对的。所谓泡沫,是指价格大幅上涨,公司表现很好,然后泡沫破裂并对经济产生影响,就像 1929 年或 2000 年的互联网泡沫一样。当革命性的新技术出现时,人们会认为这是奇迹并借钱去投资,从而忽略了资产本身的价格。大家看到许多人变得富有,但账面财富不等于金钱,你必须出售财富才能获得金钱进行消费。当由于税收改变或利率上升等原因人们需要金钱来偿还债务时,泡沫就会被刺破。这会导致价格下跌,人们赔钱,为了还债被迫抛售资产,导致需求减少、消费降低,进而造成经济衰退和经济大萧条。

主持人:假设我现在因为看好AI,花 100 美元买了一支 AI 公司的股票。然后我用这 100 美元的账面净值去银行贷了 50 美元。如果经济发生变故(比如战争),大家都急于抛售,我的股票跌到了 25 美元,但我还欠银行 50 美元。我就必须赶紧抛售,资产价格全面下跌,大家不再去餐厅消费,泡沫就破裂了,我们进入衰退期,对吗?

达利欧:完全正确。此外,还有股票的供需问题。在制造 AI 的企业中,大家无法准确预测未来能赚多少钱,你要么投资不足被竞争淘汰,要么投入巨资但无法精确计算回报。现在很常见的是,你可能只花费了 5000 万美元,但公司估值却达到了 10 亿美元。你在账面上成了亿万富翁,但这只是股票的会计价值。当市场出现狂热并引发通货膨胀时,央行会踩刹车提高利率。这意味着背负债务的人需要筹集更多资金来还债。此外,当市场渴求股票时,就会出现大量的股票增发。当债务成本超过股权投资收益,加上股票供应过剩,以及人们需要筹集现金时,泡沫就会破裂。

主持人:你刚才提到了除了泡沫之外的“大周期”。那是什么?

达利欧:这是一个平均持续大约 80 年的大周期,我们上一次经历这个新周期起点是在 1945 年。它包含了几个同时发生的动态因素:首先是贫富差距扩大导致的内部政治冲突(例如左右翼的对立);其次是政府出现巨额财政赤字,没有足够的钱来支付账单;最后是地缘政治的改变(国家间的冲突)。人们如果不了解这个周期,就只会看到每天的新闻,而无法将这些孤立的事件联系起来。

主持人:对于普通人来说,他们该如何应对可能破裂的经济泡沫以保障未来?比如一个 30 岁、每月只有 100 美元可支配收入的人。

达利欧:最重要的一点是“多元化”。人们往往认为把钱存成现金是最安全的,但这其实是长期来看最糟糕的投资,因为通货膨胀会吞噬它的价值。即使你获得了短期利率,考虑到每年 3.5% 到 4% 的通胀率以及你要为收益缴纳的税,这仍然是一个糟糕的回报。你需要拥有一个多元化的投资组合,包括股票、黄金、债券、房地产等。当股票或债券下跌时,黄金等资产往往表现良好。多元化可以在不降低回报的情况下降低你的风险。对于没有什么资产的年轻人来说,你唯一的资产就是你自己。你需要弄清楚如何提高自己的技能来换取好收入,努力让你的工作和你的热情合二为一,但千万不要忘记“钱”这个要素。

主持人:既然提到了钱,现在很多人都在谈论比特币。你对比特币有何看法?它和黄金比起来怎么样?

达利欧:我的投资组合中大约有 1% 是比特币。它是一种不能被随意印发的硬通货。但我个人更偏爱实物黄金。黄金无法通过技术手段被破解,它是唯一不属于其他人负债的金融资产,且它目前依然是各大央行持有的第二大储备货币。比特币等数字货币可能会受到量子计算的威胁,或者被政府监控和征税。当政府不想要它时,他们有权力做任何事。出于交易隐私和控制权的考虑,各国央行也不会持有大量比特币。

主持人:AI 对普通人的工作会有什么影响?硅谷有一种主流说法是,AI 会创造出我们现在还无法预测的新工作,大家都会没事的。他们以工业革命中拖拉机和工厂取代人工为例,认为人类总能找到新出路。你认同吗?

达利欧:硅谷有这种观点是因为他们是技术的生产者,赚了很多钱,不希望被攻击。这是一个进化的过程。工业革命用机器取代了人类的体力,而现在的 AI 正在更高层面上取代人类的思维和推理能力。在这个过程中,最大的受益者是那些拥有点子并能用资本取代工人的“资本家”。在企业的收入中,流向工人的份额在下降,而企业主的份额在上升,这将进一步加剧贫富差距。当人类的身体和头脑都被取代后,我们还能出卖什么?人类拥有情感和直觉,这些是 AI 目前不具备的。在可预见的未来,那些能在工作中运用卓越的人类智慧并与 AI 结成伙伴关系的人,将处于最前沿。

主持人:在英国和美国(如纽约和洛杉矶),关于向富人征收“财富税”的争论非常激烈。这是一个好主意还是坏主意?

达利欧:在操作上,这是一个非常困难的想法。因为富人必须出售财富才能获得现金来缴税,这反而可能成为刺破泡沫的导火索之一。此外,它会减少投资,因为财富通常被用于创造生产力的资本支出。如果仅仅是通过财富转移来进行消费,而不去提高社会的整体生产力,社会将会面临问题。政府如果试图强制推行,可能会面临富人资本外流的问题。为了阻止这种情况,政府可能会修改法律进行追溯征税,或者实施严厉的资本管制。英国目前就是一个经典的“反面教材”,它陷入了过度负债、生产力低下和内部政治冲突不断的典型周期。要解决这些问题,社会需要一个强大的“中间派”力量进行两党合作,共同分担痛苦,做出艰难的改革,以提高大多数人的生产力。

主持人:你书中提到“世界秩序的改变”在过去 500 年里循环发生。在新的衰退期到来时,世界上会出现两个超级大国并存的情况,还是通常只有一个占据主导?

达利欧:在一战和二战将世界连为一体形成“一个世界”之前,世界是划分为不同区域的,有各自的强国。但在“一个世界”体系下,如果出现分歧,通常会通过某种形式的冲突(冷战或热战)来解决,最终由力量决定谁是主导,而不是依靠所谓“基于规则的秩序”。对于未来,我认为最有可能且有益的结果是世界变得“更加区域化”。中国深受儒家思想影响,其基本目标是具有竞争力且不被世界切断联系,而不是去占领和控制其他国家。如果中美两国都保持强大,且我们能避免大规模的破坏性战争,世界可能会分成美洲区域、中国及亚太区域等各自发展的板块。

主持人:你提到了冲突,但美国现在深陷与伊朗的冲突,似乎无法脱身。这是否也会对你描述的宏观周期产生影响?

达利欧:这暴露出美国的弱点。现在国际上的(特别是在亚洲的)一个共识是,美国其实不想打仗。因为美国公众担心油价上涨和人员伤亡,他们希望战争能速战速决,但你不可能以这种方式去打赢一场需要长期占领和控制当地的战争。亚洲国家也逐渐意识到,美国可能会退缩,其在当地的军事基地反而可能成为一种负债。你正在看到一种类似于大英帝国衰落(如苏伊士运河危机时)的权力转移现象。人们意识到,美国过去那种只需暗示就能让其他国家听命的经济和军事力量,正在被削弱。卷入伊朗冲突是一个巨大的错误,它让美国的这种脆弱性在世人面前暴露无遗。

相关阅读:对话“流动性之王”:全球流动性已见顶回落,本轮周期将在明年下半年触底

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Related Questions

Q瑞·达利欧如何描述当前的AI热潮,以及他为什么认为这表现出泡沫特征?

A达利欧指出,当前的AI热潮表现出明显的泡沫特征。这是一种经典的投资泡沫迹象,即价格大幅上涨,人们因革命性新技术带来的兴奋而过度投资和借贷,却忽略了资产的实际价格。这种现象在历史上往往是经济大幅动荡的前兆。当泡沫破裂时,会导致价格下跌、财富蒸发、债务违约、消费减少,进而引发经济衰退。

Q达利欧在访谈中建议普通人如何应对潜在的经济泡沫和保护个人财富?

A达利欧给出的核心建议是“多元化”投资。他认为单纯持有现金长期来看会因通胀而贬值,是最糟糕的选择。他建议建立一个包含股票、黄金、债券、房地产等在内的多元化投资组合,这可以在不降低回报的情况下降低风险。对于没有太多资产的年轻人,他认为最重要的资产是自身的技能,应努力提高技能以换取好收入,并找到结合热情与赚钱能力的工作。

Q关于比特币,瑞·达利欧持有什么样的个人投资和观点?与黄金相比如何?

A达利欧透露自己的投资组合中约有1%是比特币,承认其作为一种“硬通货”的价值(不能被随意印发)。但他个人更偏爱实物黄金,认为黄金是无法被技术破解、不属于任何人负债的金融资产,且是各国央行持有的主要储备货币之一。相比之下,他认为比特币可能面临量子计算的威胁、政府监管/征税,并且由于交易隐私和控制权问题,不太可能被各国央行大量持有。

Q达利欧如何分析AI对工作和贫富差距的长期影响?

A达利欧认为,AI正像工业革命用机器取代体力劳动一样,在更高层面上取代人类的思维和逻辑推理能力。这一过程的最大受益者是拥有资本和点子的“资本家”,而非工人。这将导致企业收入中流向工人的份额下降,而企业主的份额上升,从而进一步加剧贫富差距。他指出,人类的独特优势在于情感和直觉,在未来,那些能将卓越的人类智慧与AI结合并结成伙伴关系的人将处于最前沿。

Q在达利欧的“大周期”理论中,当前全球秩序处于何种阶段,有哪些主要特征?

A根据达利欧的“大周期”理论(一个平均持续约80年的周期),当前全球秩序正处于一个力量交替的衰退阶段。这个周期始于1945年,其同时发生的几个主要动态特征是:第一,因贫富差距扩大导致的内部政治冲突(如左右翼对立);第二,政府出现巨额财政赤字,面临资金短缺;第三,地缘政治格局正在改变,国家间冲突加剧,例如中国已取代美国成为多数国家的最大贸易伙伴,世界秩序正在重塑。他认为不了解这一周期,人们就很难将日常的孤立新闻事件联系起来。

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DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): A Comprehensive Analysis Introduction to DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a blockchain-based project operating on the Solana network, which aims to combine the characteristics of traditional precious metals with the innovation of decentralized technologies. While it shares a name with Bitcoin, often referred to as “digital gold” due to its perception as a store of value, DIGITAL GOLD is a separate token designed to create a unique ecosystem within the Web3 landscape. Its goal is to position itself as a viable alternative digital asset, although specifics regarding its applications and functionalities are still developing. What is DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a cryptocurrency token explicitly designed for use on the Solana blockchain. In contrast to Bitcoin, which provides a widely recognized value storage role, this token appears to focus on broader applications and characteristics. Notable aspects include: Blockchain Infrastructure: The token is built on the Solana blockchain, known for its capacity to handle high-speed and low-cost transactions. Supply Dynamics: DIGITAL GOLD has a maximum supply capped at 100 quadrillion tokens (100P $BITCOIN), although details regarding its circulating supply are currently undisclosed. Utility: While precise functionalities are not explicitly outlined, there are indications that the token could be utilized for various applications, potentially involving decentralized applications (dApps) or asset tokenization strategies. Who is the Creator of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? At present, the identity of the creators and development team behind DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) remains unknown. This situation is typical among many innovative projects within the blockchain space, particularly those aligning with decentralized finance and meme coin phenomena. While such anonymity may foster a community-driven culture, it intensifies concerns about governance and accountability. Who are the Investors of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? The available information indicates that DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) does not have any known institutional backers or prominent venture capital investments. The project seems to operate on a peer-to-peer model focused on community support and adoption rather than traditional funding routes. Its activity and liquidity are primarily situated on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), such as PumpSwap, rather than established centralized trading platforms, further highlighting its grassroots approach. How DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) Works The operational mechanics of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) can be elaborated on based on its blockchain design and network attributes: Consensus Mechanism: By leveraging Solana’s unique proof-of-history (PoH) combined with a proof-of-stake (PoS) model, the project ensures efficient transaction validation contributing to the network's high performance. Tokenomics: While specific deflationary mechanisms have not been extensively detailed, the vast maximum token supply implies that it may cater to microtransactions or niche use cases that are still to be defined. Interoperability: There exists the potential for integration with Solana’s broader ecosystem, including various decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. However, the details regarding specific integrations remain unspecified. Timeline of Key Events Here is a timeline that highlights significant milestones concerning DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): 2023: The initial deployment of the token occurs on the Solana blockchain, marked by its contract address. 2024: DIGITAL GOLD gains visibility as it becomes available for trading on decentralized exchanges like PumpSwap, allowing users to trade it against SOL. 2025: The project witnesses sporadic trading activity and potential interest in community-led engagements, although no noteworthy partnerships or technical advancements have been documented as of yet. Critical Analysis Strengths Scalability: The underlying Solana infrastructure supports high transaction volumes, which could enhance the utility of $BITCOIN in various transaction scenarios. Accessibility: The potential low trading price per token could attract retail investors, facilitating wider participation due to fractional ownership opportunities. Risks Lack of Transparency: The absence of publicly known backers, developers, or an audit process may yield skepticism regarding the project's sustainability and trustworthiness. Market Volatility: The trading activity is heavily reliant on speculative behavior, which can result in significant price volatility and uncertainty for investors. Conclusion DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) emerges as an intriguing yet ambiguous project within the rapidly evolving Solana ecosystem. While it attempts to leverage the “digital gold” narrative, its departure from Bitcoin's established role as a store of value underscores the need for a clearer differentiation of its intended utility and governance structure. Future acceptance and adoption will likely depend on addressing the current opacity and defining its operational and economic strategies more explicitly. Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

1.4k Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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