De emisor a propietario de infraestructura: la estrategia Arc de Circle y el vacío fatal de la ley GENIUS

marsbitPublished on 2026-05-27Last updated on 2026-05-27

Abstract

Circle ha recaudado 222 millones de dólares para su propia blockchain de capa 1, Arc, una cadena diseñada para liquidar transacciones con su stablecoin USDC. Este movimiento transforma a la empresa de un mero emisor de stablecoins en propietario de la infraestructura subyacente, creando un conflicto de intereses estructural. Mientras la legislación GENIUS (2025) regula exhaustivamente las reservas y la emisión de stablecoins, no aborda la separación crítica entre el emisor y la capa de liquidación. Tradicionalmente, las finanzas separan a los emisores de instrumentos de las infraestructuras neutrales de compensación. Al controlar Arc, Circle tendría poder sobre el orden de las transacciones, las tarifas y las reglas de la red, pudiendo favorecer a USDC frente a stablecoins competidoras. La participación de grandes inversores institucionales en la ronda de financiación subraya la visión de Arc como infraestructura financiera central, no solo como un token. El artículo argumenta que los reguladores deben actuar ahora, mientras Arc está en fase de testnet, para imponer obligaciones de neutralidad verificables en la red. Esto incluiría un orden de transacciones imparcial, tarifas públicas y uniformes, y una gobernanza de la cadena separada auditadamente de los intereses comerciales de Circle en USDC. Una vez establecida y con un volumen institucional, modificar estas reglas será costoso y difícil. La integración vertical es una estrategia comercial comprensible, pero la concent...

Por: Zennon Kapron

Compilado por: AididiaoJP, Foresight News

Circle recauda 222 millones de dólares para su propia cadena de bloques de Capa 1, Arc. Un emisor de stablecoins que también posee la infraestructura de liquidación que sustenta su USDC representa exactamente el tipo de conflicto de intereses que la ley GENIUS nunca abordó.

Durante los últimos dos años, Circle se ha presentado como un emisor de stablecoins responsable: busca activamente la regulación, acoge con beneplácito las reglas y prefiere ser un aburrido pero totalmente respaldado emisor de dólares, en lugar de un proyecto especulativo de criptomonedas. Este posicionamiento era lógico cuando Circle era *solo* un emisor. Pero ahora, la compañía está asumiendo un nuevo rol que reactiva los conflictos de intereses que la regulación financiera normalmente evita a toda costa.

Arc convierte al emisor en propietario de infraestructura

El 11 de mayo de 2026, Circle anunció que había completado una preventa de tokens por valor de 222 millones de dólares para su propia cadena de bloques de Capa 1, Arc, con una valoración totalmente diluida de la red de unos 30.000 millones de dólares. La inversión fue liderada por Andreessen Horowitz (a16z), con la participación de instituciones como BlackRock, Apollo e Intercontinental Exchange, matriz de la Bolsa de Nueva York. Una preventa de tokens por parte de una empresa pública ya es inédita, y el tamaño de la financiación muestra la importancia que Circle otorga al proyecto.

Arc es la apuesta central de Circle. El proyecto, lanzado en 2025, se posiciona como una cadena pública nativa para stablecoins, donde USDC será el activo nativo para pagar las tarifas de las transacciones. Actualmente está en su red de prueba pública. El CEO de Circle ha indicado que la empresa está explorando la emisión de un token nativo de Arc y la transición a un mecanismo de consenso de Prueba de Participación (PoS).

Circle ya no se conforma con emitir dólares; quiere poseer la cadena de bloques donde circulan esos dólares, en lugar de dejar que su moneda fluya en infraestructuras controladas por otras empresas.

¿Por qué es un problema que el emisor posea las 'vías'?

Las finanzas tradicionales separan estrictamente a los emisores de instrumentos financieros de las infraestructuras de compensación y liquidación. Los sistemas de liquidación deben ser neutrales, ordenar las transacciones de manera justa para todos los participantes y aplicar reglas idénticas tanto al emisor como a sus competidores.

Cuando el emisor también posee la capa de liquidación, esa neutralidad se convierte en una mera promesa, sin estructura que la haga cumplir. Arc otorga a Circle control sobre el ordenamiento de transacciones, la validación y la definición de reglas en la red donde compite su producto.

Si las stablecoins de la competencia quieren liquidarse en Arc, tendrían que operar en una infraestructura propiedad de su rival directo. Circle podría establecer tarifas, priorizar transacciones, definir estándares técnicos y ajustar las reglas de la red para favorecer a USDC, y el mero hecho de poseer la cadena no la obliga a contenerse.

El problema aquí no es predecir que Circle abuse de su poder, sino que ese poder nunca debería concederse a un emisor de stablecoins, porque la tentación que crea es estructural y permanente.

La ley GENIUS regula la 'moneda', no las 'vías'

Aquí es donde está el vacío legal. La ley GENIUS, promulgada en julio de 2025, tiene como objetivo hacer que las stablecoins sean seguras como herramienta de pago. Detalla las reservas que deben mantener, los requisitos de divulgación, los mecanismos de supervisión de los emisores y las protecciones para los titulares. Como ley de regulación de emisores, es minuciosa y cuidadosa en su marco.

Pero a nivel de estructura de mercado, es casi completamente silenciosa. Los redactores se centraron en la 'moneda' en sí misma: si el token del dólar realmente vale un dólar, si es realmente canjeable. No consideraron que un emisor pudiera poseer y operar también su red de liquidación subyacente, porque en 2025 ningún emisor importante lo hacía.

Circle ha entrado ahora en ese vacío. La ley GENIUS regula los dólares en la cartera del usuario, pero no dice nada sobre una empresa que posee la cartera, las vías y los dólares.

El respaldo de inversores institucionales revela el verdadero propósito de Arc

Obsérvese la lista de inversores en la ronda de financiación de Arc: BlackRock es el mayor gestor de activos del mundo y administrador de las reservas de USDC; Apollo es una gran firma de crédito privado; Intercontinental Exchange es propietaria de la Bolsa de Nueva York. Estas instituciones son constructoras y operadoras de infraestructura de mercado por derecho propio. No invierten para apostar por el precio de un token.

Invierten en la infraestructura que se convertirá en el núcleo de las tuberías financieras del futuro: una red de liquidación para dólares tokenizados, y más adelante, para fondos y valores tokenizados. Arc está siendo construida y capitalizada como infraestructura, y la empresa que controla ese campo es la misma cuya stablecoin debería fluir como moneda neutral sobre él.

¿Por qué Circle no tiene otra opción?

La estrategia tiene una lógica defensiva clara. USDC compite con Tether USDT, que es más del doble de su tamaño, y se enfrenta a un número creciente de stablecoins emitidas por bancos y empresas de pagos.

Como mero emisor, uno solo sobrevive con el diferencial de las reservas, y ese margen es todo el negocio, una posición tanto estrecha como vulnerable. Ahora, todos los competidores serios intentan escapar de este dilema controlando más eslabones de la cadena de valor.

Stripe está construyendo su propia cadena, Tether también expande su infraestructura y canales de distribución. Si Circle siguiera siendo un emisor puro mientras sus rivales se convierten en plataformas, se sentaría en el asiento más débil. Arc es el intento de Circle de pasar de 'vender un producto' a 'operar el campo': el espacio de beneficio es mayor y más perdurable.

Precisamente esta misma lógica es la razón por la que la regulación necesita establecer reglas: los demás emisores importantes tienen los mismos incentivos para seguir a Circle y construir sus propias 'vías'.

¿Qué requiere una solución real?

Los conflictos estructurales requieren respuestas estructurales, y la regulación financiera tiene modelos maduros para ello. Las bolsas están sujetas a reglas de acceso justo y no discriminación; las cámaras de compensación tienen requisitos de gobernanza para asegurar que no favorezcan a ningún miembro. El principio central es: la infraestructura que todos *deben* usar no puede estar controlada de manera que favorezca a uno de sus usuarios.

Aplicado a Arc, esto significa que la red misma debe asumir obligaciones, no solo la stablecoin:

  • El ordenamiento de transacciones debe ser demostrablemente neutral entre USDC y stablecoins competidoras;
  • Las tablas de tarifas deben ser públicas y uniformes;
  • La gobernanza de la cadena debe separarse, de manera auditada, de los intereses comerciales de Circle en la cuota de mercado de USDC.

Estos no son requisitos novedosos; son herramientas estándar de las infraestructuras de mercado reguladas. La única razón por la que no se aplican es que la ley se redactó *antes* de que los emisores se convirtieran en infraestructura.

La regulación europea MiCA también ofrece una comparación: al igual que la ley GENIUS, se centra en los emisores y las reservas, y ninguna tiene un capítulo de estructura de mercado preparado para el caso de que un 'emisor también opere una red de liquidación'. Ahora, mientras Arc aún está en red de prueba y a punto de lanzar su red principal, es el momento de menor coste para añadir ese capítulo; una vez se convierta en la tubería de la que dependa la economía de dólares tokenizados, cambiarlo será mucho más caro.

El entrelazamiento íntimo del gestor de reservas y la cadena de liquidación

Dentro del primer conflicto hay un segundo, y la lista de inversores apunta directamente a él: BlackRock es tanto el gestor de las reservas que respaldan USDC como inversor en Arc. Gestor de reservas, emisor y cadena de liquidación están ahora conectados por intereses comerciales superpuestos.

Cada relación por separado podría ser defendible, pero juntas, describen un grupo altamente concentrado de unas pocas empresas con inversiones cruzadas, sentadas en el centro de lo que debería ser una infraestructura neutral para el dólar.

Este grado de concentración es exactamente lo que las reglas de estructura de mercado deben examinar. La pregunta para los reguladores no es si estas instituciones son creíbles (claramente lo son), sino si el sistema de dólares tokenizados debería formarse alrededor de un grupo tan reducido *antes* de que nadie decida las obligaciones de neutralidad del campo central.

El plazo para establecer reglas es breve

Lo que debería alertar a los reguladores es el momento. Desde su anuncio hasta la red de prueba pública y la financiación, Arc solo ha tardado aproximadamente un año. Circle ha dejado claro que lanzará su red principal y transicionará a la validación PoS.

Una vez que este tipo de infraestructura soporta valor real, es difícil remodelarla porque el coste de cambiar las reglas recae sobre todas las instituciones construidas sobre ella. Las redes de liquidación acumulan integraciones, liquidez y aplicaciones dependientes, y cada capa añadida aumenta el coste de cambio de cualquier intervención posterior.

El mejor momento práctico para decidir las obligaciones de neutralidad de la cadena de un emisor de stablecoins es *ahora*, mientras Arc sigue en fase pre-red principal, donde cambiar las reglas solo modifica documentos de diseño, no un sistema ya en funcionamiento. Una vez que Arc procese volúmenes de transacciones a nivel institucional, que los reguladores exijan a Circle separar la gobernanza de su cadena de sus intereses comerciales en USDC sería equivalente a ordenar la reconstrucción de una infraestructura en tiempo real, una reconstrucción lenta, costosa y ferozmente resistida.

La integración vertical es estrategia y riesgo

La acción de Circle no es irracional. Poseer toda la pila sigue la misma lógica que empresas como Stripe, y desde la perspectiva de un accionista, es lo correcto, porque los beneficios fluyen hacia quien controla la infraestructura, y un emisor puro es un negocio débil que descansa sobre las vías de otro.

La estrategia que sirve a los accionistas de Circle es la que los reguladores deberían examinar ahora, antes de que se solidifique. Prevenir conflictos estructurales es barato; desenredarlos después es costoso.

La pregunta no es compleja: ¿puede un emisor de stablecoins regulado poseer la red de liquidación que sus competidores deben usar? Y si se permite, ¿qué obligaciones de neutralidad debe asumir esa red?

La ley GENIUS no responde a ninguna de estas preguntas porque en 2025 aún no era necesario hacerlo. Pero en 2026, sí lo es, y Circle es la razón.

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Easy Integration with External APIs: Its versatility and compatibility with various AI platforms ensure that Agent S can fit seamlessly into existing technological ecosystems, making it an appealing choice for developers and organisations. These functionalities collectively contribute to Agent S's unique position within the crypto space, as it automates complex, multi-step tasks with minimal human intervention. As the project evolves, its potential applications in Web3 could redefine how digital interactions unfold. Timeline of Agent S The development and milestones of Agent S can be encapsulated in a timeline that highlights its significant events: September 27, 2024: The concept of Agent S was launched in a comprehensive research paper titled “An Open Agentic Framework that Uses Computers Like a Human,” showcasing the groundwork for the project. October 10, 2024: The research paper was made publicly available on arXiv, offering an in-depth exploration of the framework and its performance evaluation based on the OSWorld benchmark. October 12, 2024: A video presentation was released, providing a visual insight into the capabilities and features of Agent S, further engaging potential users and investors. These markers in the timeline not only illustrate the progress of Agent S but also indicate its commitment to transparency and community engagement. Key Points About Agent S As the Agent S framework continues to evolve, several key attributes stand out, underscoring its innovative nature and potential: Innovative Framework: Designed to provide an intuitive use of computers akin to human interaction, Agent S brings a novel approach to task automation. Autonomous Interaction: The ability to interact autonomously with computers through GUI signifies a leap towards more intelligent and efficient computing solutions. Complex Task Automation: With its robust methodology, it can automate complex, multi-step tasks, making processes faster and less error-prone. Continuous Improvement: The learning mechanisms enable Agent S to improve from past experiences, continually enhancing its performance and efficacy. Versatility: Its adaptability across different operating environments like OSWorld and WindowsAgentArena ensures that it can serve a broad range of applications. As Agent S positions itself in the Web3 and crypto landscape, its potential to enhance interaction capabilities and automate processes signifies a significant advancement in AI technologies. Through its innovative framework, Agent S exemplifies the future of digital interactions, promising a more seamless and efficient experience for users across various industries. Conclusion Agent S represents a bold leap forward in the marriage of AI and Web3, with the capacity to redefine how we interact with technology. While still in its early stages, the possibilities for its application are vast and compelling. Through its comprehensive framework addressing critical challenges, Agent S aims to bring autonomous interactions to the forefront of the digital experience. As we move deeper into the realms of cryptocurrency and decentralisation, projects like Agent S will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of technology and human-computer collaboration.

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What is AGENT S

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