Selat Hormuz, Bisakah Iran "Mengendalikannya"?

marsbitPublished on 2026-04-27Last updated on 2026-04-27

Abstract

Menurut laporan media Iran, Iran telah menyusun rencana komprehensif untuk mengelola Selat Hormuz. Rencana ini mencakup klaim kedaulatan penuh atas selat tersebut, mewajibkan kapal asing memperoleh izin transit, menerapkan biaya transit (dengan preferensi pembayaran dalam rial), serta melarang mutus kapal-kapal dari negara musuh, khususnya Israel. Analis menilai langkah ini bertujuan untuk: 1. Menekan Amerika Serikat dan Israel secara ekonomi dan diplomatis dengan memanfaatkan pengaruh Iran atas jalur pelayaran vital ini. 2. Menciptakan sumber pendapatan baru yang signifikan (potensi mencapai miliaran dolar per tahun) untuk menghadapi sanksi dan mendanai rekonstruksi. 3. Memberikan ruang negosiasi dengan AS, dengan menjadikan izin transit untuk kapal AS sebagai alat tawar. Namun, implementasi rencana ini diragungkan karena beberapa hal: * Tantangan operasional dalam memberlakukan aturan di selat yang padat dan diawasi militer asing. * Protes internasional atas dasar hukum dan dampak ekonomi terhadap biaya transportasi global. * Tekanan balik dari AS, termasuk blokade terhadap pelabuhan Iran dan ancaman mencegat kapal yang membayar biaya transit. * Ketidakpastian apakah rencana ini benar-benar akan diterapkan atau hanya sekadar strategi negosiasi.

Menurut laporan Kantor Berita Mehr Iran pada tanggal 25 yang mengutip seorang anggota parlemen Iran, Iran telah membentuk sebuah rencana komprehensif untuk mengelola Selat Hormuz. Analis mencatat bahwa langkah Iran ini memiliki berbagai tujuan, termasuk memperkuat tekanan terhadap Amerika Serikat dan Israel, serta memperoleh sumber pendapatan stabil baru. Namun, pengenaan biaya pada kapal yang melintas menuai penentangan internasional. Amerika Serikat sedang menekan Iran dengan memblokir pelabuhan dan kapal-kapalnya. Apakah rencana pengendalian Selat Hormuz oleh Iran benar-benar dapat dilaksanakan masih belum pasti.

Ini adalah foto arsip Selat Hormuz yang diambil pada 19 Februari 2025. Foto oleh Wang Qiang, Xinhua.

Apa Tujuannya

Menurut laporan Kantor Berita Mehr, informasi diungkapkan oleh anggota Parlemen Islam Iran, Behnam Sayyidi. Media Iran sebelumnya melaporkan bahwa parlemen Iran pada tanggal 5 membahas beberapa proposal mengenai tata kelola Selat Hormuz dan memutuskan untuk membentuk panitia khusus untuk menyusun rencana komprehensif dan dokumen jaminan hukum terkait pelaksanaan yurisdiksi atas selat tersebut.

Menurut Sayyidi, isi rencana komprehensif tersebut meliputi:

Kedaulatan atas Selat Hormuz akan sepenuhnya berada di tangan Iran;

Kapal dan kapal perang yang berlayar di wilayah tersebut harus mendapatkan izin dari Iran;

Kapal yang melintasi wilayah tersebut harus membayar biaya terkait untuk keamanan, perlindungan lingkungan, manajemen pelayaran, penerbitan izin, dan diprioritaskan dibayar dengan Rial;

Kapal dari negara yang ditetapkan sebagai negara musuh oleh Dewan Keamanan Nasional Tertinggi atau Staf Umum Angkatan Bersenjata tidak diperbolehkan melewati Selat Hormuz, dengan kapal Israel mutlak dilarang melintasi wilayah tersebut;

Bagi negara yang menyebabkan kerugian bagi Iran, negara terkait harus terlebih dahulu mencapai kesepakatan dengan Iran mengenai cara kompensasi sebelum izin lintas untuk kapalnya diterbitkan.

Analis berpendapat bahwa rencana ini mengungkapkan berbagai tujuan Iran.

Pertama, terus memberikan tekanan pada AS dan Israel. Iran mempengaruhi harga minyak internasional dengan mengendalikan Selat Hormuz, jalur pelayaran global, yang memperburuk tekanan inflasi dan beban ekonomi AS-Israel, sekaligus mendorong komunitas internasional untuk menyerukan penurunan ketegangan dan kelancaran jalur pelayaran, membuat AS dan Israel menanggung tekanan ganda secara ekonomi dan diplomatik. Larangan kapal dari "negara musuh" untuk melintas, secara langsung menyasar AS dan Israel. Selain itu, mengikat masalah lintas selat dengan tuntutan kompensasi perang bertujuan untuk memaksa AS untuk mengalah dalam masalah kompensasi.

Kedua, memberikan ruang untuk negosiasi Iran-AS. Meskipun sikap terhadap AS selalu keras, Iran tidak sepenuhnya menutup saluran negosiasi. Iran baru-baru ini mengirim Menteri Luar Negeri Araghchi mengunjungi Pakistan dengan klaim tidak bernegosiasi dengan AS, tetapi juga menyampaikan pesan kepada AS melalui Pakistan, dan mengisyaratkan bahwa Araghchi mungkin segera kembali ke Islamabad. Saat memperkenalkan rencana komprehensif, Sayyidi menyebut Israel sebagai target "larangan mutlak", tetapi tidak menyebut nama AS, mungkin mengisyaratkan bahwa lintas kapal AS dapat dijadikan alat tawar.

25 April 2026, Perdana Menteri Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif (kiri) bertemu dengan Menteri Luar Negeri Iran Araghchi di Islamabad, ibu kota Pakistan. Disampaikan oleh Kantor Perdana Menteri Pakistan (Xinhua).

Ketiga, memberikan sumber pendapatan baru bagi Iran. Statistik menunjukkan bahwa jika Iran membebankan biaya 1 dolar AS per barel minyak yang melintasi Selat Hormuz, dengan volume lalu lintas sebelum perang, Iran akan mendapatkan pendapatan lebih dari 7,7 miliar dolar AS per tahun. Opini internasional percaya ini akan menjadi sumber pendanaan penting bagi Iran untuk menahan blokade Barat dan rekonstruksi pascaperang. Persyaratan pembayaran prioritas dengan Rial adalah untuk menghindari pendapatan biaya lintas dibatasi oleh sistem dolar AS.

Bisakah Dilaksanakan

Mengenai prosedur selanjutnya, Sayyidi mengatakan bahwa rencana tersebut telah diserahkan kepada Komite Keamanan Nasional Parlemen Islam Iran. Begitu sidang paripurna parlemen dimulai, akan diserahkan kepada pimpinan sidang dan dibahas dalam sidang paripurna. Rencana ini juga dapat disetujui dan diterbitkan melalui Dewan Keamanan Nasional Tertinggi.

Mengenai hal ini, Abdul Aziz Al-Shabani, peneliti di Pusat Penelitian Politik dan Strategis Riyadh, Arab Saudi, menganalisis bahwa persetujuan melalui sidang paripurna parlemen akan memberikan sifat hukum formal pada rencana tersebut, tetapi prosesnya rumit dan lebih mudah memicu penentangan internasional. Sedangkan persetujuan dan penerbitan melalui Dewan Keamanan Nasional Tertinggi adalah jalur yang lebih fleksibel dan cepat, serta memudahkan penyesuaian sesuai perkembangan situasi.

Namun, Al-Shabani berpendapat bahwa dari sudut pandang operasional, dengan volume lalu lintas yang sangat besar dan adanya kekuatan militer negara lain, akan sangat sulit untuk menerapkan intersepsi dan pembebanan biaya menyeluruh terhadap semua kapal yang melintasi selat. Pelaksanaan rencana di masa depan lebih mungkin bersifat terbatas dan selektif.

Secara bersamaan, langkah Iran ini kontroversial dalam hukum internasional dan telah memicu banyak penentangan. Pengenaan biaya lintas oleh Iran di jalur laut penting ini pasti akan menambah waktu dan biaya transportasi kapal yang melintas, berdampak luas pada ekonomi banyak negara. Banyak negara di dunia, termasuk negara-negara Teluk, menyatakan harapan agar Selat Hormuz tetap lancar. Inggris dan Prancis sebelumnya telah memimpin pembentukan aliansi, berusaha melakukan aksi multinasional untuk menjamin keterbukaan selat tersebut. Jika Iran memaksakan biaya, mungkin akan menghadapi tekanan internasional dan pasif secara diplomatik.

Selain itu, AS sedang melakukan pembalasan dengan memblokir pelabuhan dan kapal Iran. AS telah menyatakan dengan jelas bahwa mereka tidak akan mengizinkan Iran mengendalikan selat secara permanen, membangun sistem biaya, dll. Jika blokade berlanjut menyebabkan fasilitas penyimpanan minyak Iran "penuh", Iran mungkin terpaksa menghentikan produksi, yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan signifikan pada fasilitas penambangan minyaknya. AS juga mengancam akan mencegat dan memeriksa semua kapal yang membayar biaya lintas kepada Iran di perairan internasional. Ini dapat mengakibatkan tidak ada kapal yang melintasi selat dan Iran juga tidak menerima biaya lintas.

Tentu saja, blokade AS terhadap Iran memerlukan pengorbanan besar, dan semakin lama blokade berlangsung akan semakin mempengaruhi pemilihan tengah periode Partai Republik. AS mungkin tidak bisa bertahan terlalu lama. Iran juga mungkin hanya menggunakan biaya sebagai alat tawar untuk ditukar dengan kepentingan AS, dan mungkin tidak benar-benar memaksakannya. Oleh karena itu, apakah rencana di atas akan dilaksanakan, dan sejauh mana akan dilaksanakan, masih belum pasti.

Related Questions

QApa tujuan utama Iran dalam mengusulkan skema komprehensif untuk mengelola Selat Hormuz?

AIran memiliki beberapa tujuan utama, termasuk meningkatkan tekanan terhadap Amerika Serikat dan Israel, memperoleh sumber pendapatan baru yang stabil untuk melawan blokir Barat dan rekonstruksi pasca perang, serta memberikan ruang untuk negosiasi dengan AS dengan menjadikan izin pelayaran kapal AS sebagai alat tawar.

QApa saja isi dari skema komprehensif pengelolaan Selat Hormuz yang diusulkan Iran?

AIsi skema meliputi: kedaulatan penuh atas selat berada di tangan Iran, kapal harus mendapatkan izin Iran, kewajiban membayar biaya untuk keamanan dan lingkungan, pembayaran prioritas dalam Rial Iran, larangan absolut bagi kapal Israel, dan kapal dari negara yang dianggap bermusuhan harus menyelesaikan masalah ganti rugi terlebih dahulu.

QMengapa implementasi skema pengelolaan Selat Hormuz oleh Iran dianggap sulit dan penuh ketidakpastian?

AImplementasi dianggap sulit karena akan menghadapi tantangan operasional dalam memungut biaya dari semua kapal, penentangan internasional termasuk dari negara-negara Teluk, tekanan dan blokir balasan dari AS, serta potensi pelanggaran hukum internasional yang dapat membuat Iran terisolasi secara diplomatik.

QBagaimana Amerika Serikat merespons rencana Iran untuk mengelola dan memungut biaya di Selat Hormuz?

AAmerika Serikat merespons dengan melaksanakan pembalasan berupa memblokir pelabuhan dan kapal Iran, menyatakan tidak akan mengizinkan Iran mengontrol selat secara permanen, dan mengancam akan mencegat serta memeriksa semua kapal yang membayar biaya kepada Iran di perairan internasional.

QApakah Iran benar-benar berencana memungut biaya atau hanya menggunakan rencana ini sebagai alat tawar-menawar?

AAnalis berpendapat bahwa rencana pemungutan biaya mungkin hanya digunakan Iran sebagai alat tawar-menawar dengan AS untuk mendapatkan konsesi, seperti ganti rugi, dan mungkin tidak benar-benar dilaksanakan sepenuhnya mengingat berbagai tantangan dan tekanan internasional yang dihadapi.

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