蚕食千亿博彩蛋糕,预测市场遭多州“禁令”追打

比推Published on 2026-01-12Last updated on 2026-01-12

Abstract

风头正盛的预测市场正面临美国多州监管围剿。2025年1月9日,田纳西州体育博彩委员会(SWC)向Kalshi、Polymarket和Crypto.com等平台发出禁令,要求其停止向该州居民提供体育赛事预测合约,理由是这些平台未获州许可从事非法赌博业务,若未按期合规将面临高额罚款甚至刑事指控。 美国自2018年放开体育博彩监管后,该市场迅猛增长,2024年投注总额达1487.4亿美元,税收28.2亿美元。田纳西州作为仅允许在线博彩的州,2024年博彩投注额52.68亿美元,税收贡献9716万美元。预测市场凭借“事件合约”的金融衍生品属性,受美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)而非州博彩法规监管,形成“制度套利”,无需州许可、高额博彩税及用户保护条例,却提供类似体育博彩的服务。2025年预测市场交易额达400亿美元,年增400%,体育类合约占比最高,直接蚕食传统博彩市场利益。 目前多个州已对预测市场采取行动,Kalshi等平台以“优先遵守联邦法规”为由在多州提起诉讼,但各地法院判决不一,相关争议可能最终上诉至最高法院。短期内,监管冲突将持续,预测市场生存空间面临严峻挑战。

作者:Azuma

原标题:动了博彩业的千亿蛋糕,预测市场正被旧秩序追打


风头正盛的预测市场正迎面撞上真正的难题。

美国当地时间 1 月 9 日,田纳西州体育博彩委员会(Tennessee Sports Wagering Council,SWC)向 Kalshi、Polymarket 和 Crypto.com 等预测市场平台发出禁止令,要求上述平台停止向该州居民提供体育赛事预测合约,理由是这些公司在未获得州政府许可的情况下从事非法赌博业务。

在通知函中,SWC 指控这三家公司打着“事件合约”的幌子非法提供体育博彩产品,尽管这些平台均已在美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)注册为指定合约市场,但根据田纳西州法律,任何在该州提供体育赛事投注服务的实体都必须持有 SWC 所颁发的许可证。

SWC 要求,Kalshi、Polymarket 和 Crypto.com 必须在 1 月 31 日前停止在该州的所有活动,撤销开放合约并退还居民存款,若未能按时执行则可能面临每次违规最高 25000 美元的民事处罚,甚至涉及刑事指控。

高速增长的体育博彩市场

要理解田纳西州为何如此强硬地对预测市场平台发难,需要从美国体育博彩市场的现状说起。

自美国最高法院于 2018 年 5 月 14 日推翻曾禁止商业体育博彩的联邦法律《职业与业余体育运动保护法案》(PASPA)以来,美国各州便获得了自行决定是否在其辖区内将体育博彩合法化的权限。目前,美国各州的体育博彩均由州级监管机构负责许可、合规与执法,各州可自行设定税制、市场准入门槛和责任要求。

根据体育博彩媒体 Legal Sports Report 的报道,截至目前美国有 38 个州(华盛顿特区和波多黎各)已允许体育博彩服务的合法运行(含线上及线下),其中有 30 个州允许提供线上体育博彩服务 —— 田纳西州便是其中之一,且是首个仅允许在线体育博彩、禁止实体博彩场所的州。

坐拥 NFL、MLB、NBA、NHL 等多个热门联赛,美国是毫无疑问的体育大国,而体育博彩则是美国各州政府明确定义、重税监管的赌博服务。

另一大体育博彩媒体 Sports Book Review 的统计显示(下图,数据时间截至 2025 年 8 月),自 2018 年监管放开以来,过去数年间美国体育博彩市场的投注总额(Handle)及税收规模(Taxes)呈现出了相当夸张的增长态势 —— 2024 年市场投注总额已达 1487.4 亿美元,税收贡献则达到了 28.2 亿美元;2025 年仅前 8 个月投注总额(1212.2 亿美元)及税收(26.8 亿美元)便已逼近了 2024 年全年水平。

聚焦田纳西州,体育博彩意味着什么?

再来将视线聚焦于本次事件的主角田纳西州之上。

2019 年,田纳西州通过了《田纳西州体育博彩法案》(Tennessee Sports Gaming Act),正式确定了体育博彩的合法化,当时的州长 Bill Lee 虽对赌博持保留态度,但仍允许了该法案的通过,未行使否决权。2021 – 2022 年间,田纳西州议会通过法律设立了专门的监管委员会来全面负责许可和监管工作,该委员会前称为 Sports Wagering Advisory Council,后来又改名为 Tennessee Sports Wagering Council,即本文开头中向 Kalshi、Polymarket 和 Crypto.com 发出禁制令的 SWC。

目前,SWC 是田纳西州唯一的体育博彩监管机构,负责运营许可、合规监督、规则制定及执法。SWC 规定,所有体育博彩提供商必须获得 SWC 的许可才能在该州推出服务,目前合计已发放出 11 张许可(上图);仅年满 21 岁的居民可访问相关服务,且必须通过地理位置验证确保在州内下注;税率方面,该州会根据总投注额征收 1.85% 税率 —— 早期曾采取基于收入的征税方案,2023 年后改为根据总投注额征税。

体育博彩市场为田纳西州贡献了可观的税收收入。Sports Book Review 统计显示(下图,数据截至 2025 年 7 月),2024 年田纳西州的体育博彩市场投注总额已达 52.68 亿美元,税收贡献则达到了 9716 万美元;2025 年前 7 个月的投注总额则已达到 24 亿美元,税收贡献则已达到了 5640 万美元。

但这份巨大且仍在持续增长的的蛋糕,如今正在被 Polymarket 们逐渐蚕食。

预测市场是如何蚕食旧世界的?

2025 年 12 月 3 日,Polymarket 宣布获得 CFTC 许可,将在时隔近四年后重回美国市场;而在更早之前,Kalshi 以及 Crypto.com 旗下的预测市场平台 Truth Predict 便已在 CFTC 的许可之下向美国用户打开了大门。

当前的监管现状是,体育博彩会被明确归类为赌博服务,监管权归属于各州,但 Polymarket 等预测市场平台一般会被视作提供“事件合约”交易服务的全新主体,而“事件合约”在资产性质上则被视作金融衍生品,属于 CFTC 的监管范畴。这就使得预测市场绕过了博彩服务的严苛法规限制 —— 无需获得州级许可,无需遵循成瘾控制等用户保护条例,无需向各州缴纳高额的博彩税;但同时又可以提供与博彩类似的体育赛事结果押注服务,客观上形成了一定的“制度套利”。

如果预测市场仍然只是小型试验场倒也罢了,但事实情况是,预测市场的增速较之已足够夸张的体育博彩市场更为离谱 —— 2025 年,预测市场的总交易额约为 400 亿美元,较 2024 年的 90 亿美元增长约 400%。Data Dashboards 在 Dune 编绘的数据看板(下图)则显示,体育类的事件合约更是早已成为了预测市场中交易量占比最高的类别。

资本市场早已嗅到了 Polymarket 对传统体育博彩服务日益增长的威胁。体育博彩市场的两大巨头 DraftKings 及 Flutter Entertainment 过去一年分别录得了 11.7% 和 16.1% 的跌幅 —— 同期美股正逢大牛,道指全年涨幅 12.97% ,纳指去年涨幅 20.36%,标普 500 指数涨幅16.39%;且体育博彩市场的规模延续了八年的上涨态势。

无论是需要体育博彩作为税收来源的田纳西州,还是背后实控着体育博彩市场的资本力量,都很难同意预测市场这一新角色前来分羹。

摩擦并非孤例,预测市场如何反击?

事实上,田纳西州对预测市场的禁止令并非孤立,马里兰州、俄亥俄州、伊利诺伊州、新泽西州、内华达州、蒙大拿州、密歇根州、康涅狄格州均曾因类似缘由对预测市场施以铁拳,而由于 Polymarket 直到去年 12 月才重返美国市场,Kalshi 正面承接了更多的监管冲击。

对此,Kalshi 曾以“已遵守优先级更高的联邦法规,无需再遵守州级法规”为由对内华达、新泽西、马里兰等三个州提起了诉讼,但结果却并不理想。

  • 内华达州的诉讼最早开始推进,地方法院起初曾一度支持 Kalshi,但之后却于去年 11 月转向宣判 Kalshi 败诉,法官 Andrew Gordon 认定 Kalshi 上体育类事件合约与体育博彩投注非常相似,因此属于内华达州博彩法规的监管范围,Kalshi 已向美国联邦第九巡回上诉法院上诉;

  • 新泽西州方面,地方法院选择了支持 Kalshi,但该州博彩监管机构已向美国联邦第三巡回上诉法院提起上诉;

  • 马里兰州方面,地方法院则博彩监管机构的诉求,法官 Judge Adam B 认为 Kalshi 未能证明“国会已明确且明显地意图剥夺各州监管赌博的权力”,Kalshi 已就此向美国第四巡回上诉法院提起上诉。

律师事务所 Benesch 就此评论表示,随着全国性辩论的持续,预计上诉法院层面将出现类似的分歧,这将为最高法院在未来几年内解决此问题奠定基础......若上诉法院碰巧一致地支持 Kalshi 的立场,其他预测市场或可效仿其模式,在最高法院审理此事之前就着手推进类似业务;但如果上诉法院得出不同结论,处境相似的公司可能会等待更明确的法律信号再做行动。无论如何,Kalshi 的诉讼案将创建一个对全国体育博彩和赌博行业产生直接而深远影响的先例。

总而言之,关于预测市场是否需要遵循各州的博彩监管法规,暂时仍然是一个悬而未决的问题,而该问题的根本矛盾在于预测市场与体育博彩在产品服务商的相似性以及监管要求上的差异性。

这是一场关于制度适配的拉锯战。在上诉法院乃至最高法院给出最终定论之前,预测市场与体育博彩之间的灰色地带仍将长期存在,监管冲突也难以避免。短期内,各州可能会继续通过执法与诉讼捍卫自身的监管权与税基;而预测市场平台则会试图以联邦合规与创新叙事为盾,争取更大的生存空间。


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Related Questions

Q田纳西州体育博彩委员会(SWC)向哪些预测市场平台发出了禁止令?

A田纳西州体育博彩委员会(SWC)向Kalshi、Polymarket和Crypto.com等预测市场平台发出了禁止令。

Q预测市场平台与体育博彩在监管上的主要区别是什么?

A体育博彩被明确归类为赌博服务,监管权归属于各州,需要获得州级许可并缴纳高额博彩税;而预测市场平台提供的“事件合约”被视作金融衍生品,属于美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)的监管范畴,因此无需获得州级许可或遵循州级博彩法规。

Q美国体育博彩市场的规模在2024年达到了多少?

A2024年美国体育博彩市场的投注总额达到了1487.4亿美元,税收贡献为28.2亿美元。

Q田纳西州对体育博彩服务征收的税率是多少?

A田纳西州根据总投注额征收1.85%的税率。

QKalshi在内华达州、新泽西州和马里兰州的诉讼结果如何?

A在内华达州,地方法院最初支持Kalshi,但后来宣判其败诉,Kalshi已上诉;在新泽西州,地方法院支持Kalshi,但州博彩监管机构已上诉;在马里兰州,地方法院支持博彩监管机构,Kalshi已提起上诉。

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