从比特币到 Zcash:为何说隐私是加密领域「最后的千倍机遇」?

深潮Published on 2025-11-04Last updated on 2025-11-05

隐私赛道是仅剩的、具备非对称收益潜力的领域。

撰文:Mert Mumtaz,Helius Labs CEO

编译:Saoirse,Foresight News

比特币诞生之初面临三大核心问题:一是合法性,二是可编程性与扩展性,三是隐私保护。

其中,比特币通过成长为万亿级资产解决了合法性问题;Solana、以太坊等公链解决了可编程性与扩展性问题;而隐私保护作为仅剩的未攻克难题(也因此成为具备非对称收益潜力的市场空白),正由 Zcash 等区块链项目引领突破。

我将隐私领域称为「最后的千倍机遇」或「最后的 PvE(玩家 vs 环境)赛道」,并非只是吸引眼球的噱头(尽管这一说法确实有传播性),而是基于市场中逐渐显现的非对称机遇、空白领域,以及宏观层面的时机成熟度综合判断。这一领域不仅包含零知识证明(ZK)技术,还涵盖混币器、全同态加密(FHE)与安全多方计算(MPC)等技术方向。

加密行业发展脉络梳理

比特币起源于密码朋克运动,旨在打造互联网原生货币,是对 2008 年金融危机的直接回应。

初期的比特币兼具创新性、无政府主义属性与不确定性 —— 没人能确定它能否成功,因此「争夺合法性」成为当时的核心目标。

随着知名度提升,比特币逐渐面临两大主要批评:一是缺乏可编程性(后续进一步延伸为「缺乏扩展性」),二是缺乏隐私保护能力。

以太坊应运而生,旨在解决「可编程性缺失」的问题;此后 Solana 推出,进一步攻克「可编程性场景下的扩展性不足」难题。

过去 5-8 年,加密行业的发展主线正是上述脉络:比特币持续巩固合法性,以太坊、Solana 等公链推进可编程性与扩展性。

未来,可编程性 / 扩展性赛道与比特币生态仍会持续优化,但很难再出现「千倍级」的突破 —— 换句话说,这些领域的改进将更多是「边际优化」,而非「量级飞跃」。

另一方面,Zcash 的诞生正是为了解决加密领域的另一大核心争议 —— 隐私性缺失。若将人类文明的技术发展视为一棵「技术树」,Zcash 的目标就是推动「隐私分支」的演进。

对于「隐私性缺失」的批评,早已得到中本聪、Hal Finney(比特币早期核心贡献者,2009 年 1 月 12 日成为全球首位接收比特币转账的人,也是中本聪的重要技术合作者,曾在 Bitcointalk 等公开论坛多次探讨比特币隐私性缺陷)等行业先驱在公开论坛中的广泛认可。其中中本聪在其发布的首篇比特币相关帖子中,就引用了 Zooko(Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn,零知识证明与隐私加密领域关键学者,Zcash 项目早期核心贡献者之一)的观点。

早期加密货币发展中,必须解决的核心难题是「双花问题」(即同一笔钱被重复花费)。为防范双花,需确保「所有参与者都能看到其他人的账户余额」—— 这也是如今区块链默认「透明可追溯」的根本原因,本质是为解决双花问题做出的妥协。

事实上,中本聪曾公开表示「愿意为比特币加入 ZK 技术以提升隐私性」,并认为这能让比特币变得「好得多」,但当时受限于技术成熟度,无法在加入 ZK 的同时解决双花问题 —— 零知识证明在当时还是过于新颖的技术。

隐私赛道的当下与未来

零知识证明技术的新颖性体现在:Zcash 团队是全球首个将 ZK 技术投入生产环境的团队 —— 不仅在加密行业,在所有行业中都是首例。

但早期的 ZK 技术存在明显缺陷:开发难度极高、易用性差,且需要多次迭代才能完善,同时消除「信任假设」(即无需依赖特定第三方)。因此,无论是 Zcash 项目本身,还是零知识证明技术整体,都曾经历长期的发展困境。

而如今,情况已发生根本改变:ZK 技术终于走向成熟,可稳定落地应用;与此同时,「可编程性 / 扩展性」赛道已逐渐触及「技术 S 曲线」的上限(即增长速度开始放缓,边际收益递减)。

当前加密行业的格局已清晰:比特币奠定合法性基础,Solana、以太坊验证了可编程性的产品市场契合度(PMF),而隐私赛道成为仅剩的、具备非对称收益潜力的领域。

更重要的是,当下正是隐私赛道爆发的「黄金时机」:近年来,加密行业虽多被投机属性与商业利益主导,但它的起源是密码朋克运动 —— 密码朋克的核心目标,正是用密码学与代码构建「保障自由与隐私的系统」。如今,行业正逐步回归这一核心初心。

再结合宏观环境来看:全球债务危机隐忧持续,比特币已证明「非国家发行货币」的可行性;同时,全球范围内(以欧洲为代表)的权力滥用与隐私侵犯事件频发;此外,随着传统金融机构加速「上链」,它们对交易隐私的需求会显著提升 —— 多重因素叠加,意味着隐私技术与零知识证明技术正迎来「吞噬世界」的拐点。

隐私赛道还具备一个关键优势:它是少数「难度足够高、影响力足够大、创新性足够强」的领域,能够从人工智能(AI)领域吸引顶尖人才 —— 而人才的聚集会进一步带动资本涌入,形成「人才 - 资本」相互促进的正向循环。

综上,一个「具备行星级规模、无法被阻止的私人货币时代」已近在眼前。

注:我并非认为比特币、Solana、以太坊等项目已无上涨空间 —— 它们未来显然会发展到更大的规模。但以它们当前的体量来看,要实现「百倍增长」已基本不可能。

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756 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

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