为什么比特币是一种更好的“黄金”?

coinvoicePublished on 2025-09-12Last updated on 2025-09-12

作者:Bill Qian

本文是《如何在乱世保护你的财富》的姊妹篇,我们来一步步讨论以下几个问题。第一,到底什么是财富储值;第二,为什么黄金成了近代的赢家,第三,为什么比特币会是21世纪以及未来更好的“黄金”。

过去5000年,“最佳储值资产”的竞争一直存在,但黄金凭借其稀缺性和历经千年形成的价值共识,逐渐成为财富储值的王者。但同时,比特币正在慢慢消解和撼动黄金的市场地位,也在这个过程中,给我们这代人带来了史诗级的财富创造和财富转移的机会。

金钱的历史

要比较黄金和比特币,我们先聊聊这个品类最大的目录:金钱。金钱具有三大核心功能:交易媒介(medium of exchange)、计价单位(unit of account)和财富储值(store of value)。从贝壳、铜钱到现代法币(如美元、欧元),交易媒介和计价单位不断迭代。而黄金、白银、土地及蓝筹股则长期作为主流储值选择。在货币史上,布雷顿森林体系时期(Bretton Woods System)的美元是少数能同时承担交易媒介、计价单位和财富储值三大职能的货币,但这只是特例,并不常见;而且美元作为三合一的角色,在1971年尼克松电视讲话后,也逐渐瓦解了。有人会说:那为什么新兴市场的很多人都希望使用美元,储蓄美元?哪怕从数据上显示,美元在持续贬值?我觉得答案是:因为他们没有更好的选择;他们的本国货币更烂。这个话题就涉及到稳定币了,下期再聊。

黄金是如何成为今天的“黄金”的?

财富储值的好标的,要满足5个特性:稀缺性(scarcity)、耐用性(durability)、便携性(portability)、可分割性(divisibility)和社会共识(social consensus)。白银、土地、钻石都很难在这5个指标上打败黄金。于是,花了上万年的时间,黄金终于赢得了人类的共识和心智,成为了财富储值几乎唯一的标的。

那黄金的局限有哪些?

储藏黄金需要昂贵的安全金库、保险,有时甚至要承担运输成本,数量越大开销越高。二战期间,巴黎银行保险柜里的黄金就被德军直接掠夺,这件事给我最大的启示就是:the safe in the bank, is not safe at all.

在极端年代,黄金变现的成本很高。二战中就出现过类似情况,无论你是在上海、巴黎,还是阿姆斯特丹,黄金交易通常面临高额折扣,往往比现货价低 30-50%,而在高风险环境下折扣更大。更糟糕的是,在冲突地区交易黄金往往伴随严重的人身风险——一旦别人知道你持有金条,被抢劫和撕票都是随时可能的。

政府还会通过没收和价格管制的方法,来进一步破坏持有黄金的可靠性。比如 1933 年,美国要求公民以低于市场的固定价格交出大部分黄金,否则将面临严厉处罚。请注意:当时美国政府要求所有公民的黄金以 每金衡盎司 20.67 美元 的固定价格交出。随后,1934 年通过《黄金储备法》(Gold Reserve Act),政府将黄金官方价格 重新估值为每金衡盎司 35 美元。这意味着让全体公民手上的黄金在短短一年内就被“贬值”了约 41%。美国当时共征收了超过 2600 吨黄金,这直接改变了货币政策,也为后来在 1971 年彻底终结金本位埋下伏笔。这一切,都发生在全世界可能最尊重私有产权制度的灯塔国,20世纪的美国。

除此之外,在今天的数字经济中,黄金不够“数字化”的局限也很明显。比如,你没有办法通过任何一个电子钱包给你的朋友,或者你的另外一个地址发送一公斤的黄金。

2009年,比特币出现了!它到底是什么?

2009 年,由化名 中本聪 (Satoshi Nakamoto) 创立的比特币,是第一种去中心化的数字货币。**它运行在一个全球的,公开的,开放的计算机网络上(俗称区块链,我一直觉得这个名字很难懂)——这是一个任何人都可以参与和验证的共享数字账本。**新的比特币通过“挖矿”产生:计算机需要解决复杂的数学难题,将交易打包成新的“区块”并添加到区块链中,“矿工”因此获得新生成的比特币作为奖励。这个过程确保了整个系统的安全性与顺畅运行。

比特币的特点是什么?

稀缺性(scarcity):由于总量被限定在 2100 万枚,比特币避免了黄金因采矿而带来的每年 1.5%–2% 的通胀。

耐用性(durability):作为一种数字资产,它永续耐用,不会出现物理损耗。

便携性(portability):今天,如果你要携带100万美元价值的黄金穿越战区,几乎是不可能的。因为按照今天的价格,100万美元的黄金,重量是12.4 公斤,你没有办法带上飞机,如果开车带着它更加危险。但是比特币就不存在这个问题。

可分割性(divisibility):比特币的可分割性极高,最小单位可达 一亿分之一枚,目前来看切割的已经足够小了。

社会共识(social consensus):这是过去16年,可能大家争论最多的点,也是各种其他币去挑战比特币的动机所在。无论比特币和比特币社区在过去16年做对了什么,今天我们都得接受一个事实,就是它已经形成了初步的社会共识。到 2024 年,全世界最有权力的人,特朗普和普京,都认可了比特币,虽然出于不同的动机,特朗普觉得这是创新,是化债的工具,是特朗普家族可以随意撒欢的自由开放资本市场;普京认可比特币,是因为俄国人发现原来有了比特币和区块链网络,这些年北约对俄国的制裁,就是一个纸糊的恐吓。没有了swift网络,俄国人依然还有区块链网络。此外,还有全球最大资产管理公司贝莱德 (BlackRock) 的创始人 Larry Fink,自 2023 年开始公开支持比特币,并在 2024 年推出比特币 ETF,称其为“数字黄金”。Larry管理着12.5万亿美元,相当于全球2024年GDP的11%。还有马斯克,这个世界上最富有的商人,他的背书太多了,不赘述了。

我们再来看看比特币的市场表现

自 2010 年以来,比特币的平均年化回报率高达 167%,是标普 500 指数的 14 倍,是黄金的 24 倍。如今,其 2.3 万亿美元的市值 已经超越了全球白银**(2.1 万亿美元)和** **人类文明最大的燃料提供商沙特阿美(1.8 万亿美元)。**作为一家“1人企业”,比特币堪称历史上最具有杠杆效应的企业。说到对于一个人的才能的杠杆,一般认为有四种:labour、capital、code和media。但撬动这4个的原动力,我想应该是讲故事的能力,毕竟这个世界最终是由讲故事的人推动和塑造的,从宗教领袖,到马克思,再到中本聪。中本聪就是一个伟大的storyteller。

比特币的未来展望

经过 16 年的发展,比特币在全球 900 万亿美元的财富中仅占 0.22%,依然只是一个微小的资产。目前全球大约有 1 亿比特币持有者,仅占 56 亿互联网用户的 2.5%。这意味着比特币的采用率仍处在早期阶段,相当于更广阔市场的“创新者阶段”。这一情况与 2000–2001 年的互联网普及相似——当时大约有 4 亿用户,与如今约 4.5 亿加密货币用户的规模接近,都标志着一个初始增长时期。

如果未来,比特币持有者从 1 亿增加到 56 亿(相当于今天的互联网用户数量),并且得到全球机构与主权政府的广泛采用,那比特币的价格会到多少?这也是为什么很多人会去尝试预测比特币未来很快会到100万美元的原因,因为100万美元基本会让比特币的市值追平今天的黄金的市值。

最后,你可以做什么? 开始建立属于你的比特币持仓。

第一,确立你的投资期限。历史数据显示,大多数投资者在市场择时方面表现不佳。除非具备卓越的工具、纪律,以及对高频信号的获取能力,否则长期策略——如被动投资、定投(Dollar-Cost Averaging)、以及有纪律的再平衡——往往比试图预测市场波动更为有效。一个按时间加权的方法,例如在未来 12–36 个月内持续投资比特币,是较为稳妥的做法。经常有朋友最近咨询我说,作为新手,想一把干进去。我一直觉得每个人都应该让自己成为一个理性的逆向投资者,在所有人都情绪高昂的时候,保持怀疑和审慎。这也是我一直很推荐定投的原因,定投本身就是承认自己作为一个芸芸众生,在预测市场能力时的渺小,而承认自己的渺小,本身已经战胜了绝大多数人。

第二,确定你的合理配置比例。将家庭净资产的至少 5% 配置于比特币,是一个谨慎的起点。这与传统投资组合策略相呼应:通常将 5–15% 配置于黄金(避险资产),以增强稳定性并降低风险。以 瑞·达利欧 (Ray Dalio) 的全天候(All Weather)投资组合为例,其中 **15% 的资产配置于Hard Assets(**黄金/大宗商品)。所以我认为5%是一个不错的起点。

第三,开始行动。可向 AI 助手直接发问:“作为一名已完成 KYC 验证、居住在 [填写所属司法管辖区] 的用户,我该如何购买比特币?”


声明:本内容为作者独立观点,不代表 CoinVoice 立场,且不构成投资建议,请谨慎对待,如需报道或加入交流群,请联系微信:VOICE-V。

来源:Bill Qian

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