Solana 速度困境:为何验证者靠‘拖延区块’牟利?

比推Published on 2025-07-21Last updated on 2025-07-21

原文作者:Jack Kubinec,Blockworks

原文编译:深潮 TechFlow

原标题:区块越慢钱越多?Solana遭遇验证者收益套利难题


随着 Solana 的代码问题在过去几年中逐步得到解决,区块时间(即网络生成新交易区块所需的时间)显著减少,甚至低于其标称的 400 毫秒。

然而,在过去一个月中,出现了一个有趣的趋势:中位区块时间(区块链网络中一个关键的性能指标,反映区块链网络处理交易和生成区块的速度)激增,Solana 添加新交易到区块链的速度变慢。原因在于一种新的验证者策略,这表明缓慢生成区块可能更具收益性。据 Blockworks 报道,Anza、Jito 和 Marinade 正在考虑解决这一问题。

每个 Solana 区块都有一个验证者担任领导者角色——负责收集交易、创建区块并将其广播到网络。领导者通过创建区块收取交易费用。更多的订单流意味着更多的费用机会,因此验证者可能会选择处理 500 毫秒的交易,而不是 300 毫秒,以增加收益。

从基本层面来看,一些 Solana 验证者似乎在尽可能长时间地等待,以便将更多交易打包进区块,从而最大化收益。这种行为导致了 Solana 的周期长度增加。

对于一个致力于像纳斯达克一样快速的网络来说,这显然不是理想的情况。此外,周期减少意味着质押奖励的复利机会减少,这一点由 Sol Strategies 的首席技术官 Max Kaplan 提出。

Solana 提供了一种称为「宽限滴答」(grace ticks)的机制,这是一个允许领导者仍然能够成功提交区块的延迟期。这一机制旨在防止远程位置的验证者受到不公平的惩罚,但也为验证者故意延迟提交区块打开了大门。

此外,Solana 的替代客户端 Frankendancer 最近发布了一个收入最大化的调度器。

据 Kaplan 透露,运行该客户端的验证者似乎正在以稍慢于正常的速度打包区块。不过,Kaplan 补充道,与更严重的延迟者相比,Frankendancer 的延迟可以忽略不计,他并不认为这是一件「坏事」。此外,在权益证明区块链上,区块延迟并不是一个新概念。然而,Firedancer 的升级可能让这一策略在 Solana 上变得更加显眼。Jump 尚未对此发表评论。

有趣的是,Firedancer 软件工程师 Michael McGee 在本周的 Lightspeed 播客中描述了这一现象。他提到:「我们在当前的验证者中看到的一件事是…[验证者] 往往通过延迟交易执行来创建更有利可图的区块。」

Blockworks Research 分析师 Victor Pham 指出,那些更明显延迟区块的 Solana 验证者通常运行的是 Agave-Jito 客户端的修改版本。

例如,在 6 月中旬的第 802 周期中,Galaxy 和 Kiln 的中位区块时间均超过了 570 毫秒。根据 Solana Compass 数据,一些未标记的验证者运行速度也较慢,而 Temporal 的验证者中位区块时间为 475 毫秒。

Kiln 联合创始人 Ernest Oppetit 承认,其验证者——Solana 网络中第六大质押验证者——曾在一段时间内延迟区块插槽,但表示目前已停止这种行为。

「在 Kiln,我们以提供市场上最高的质押年收益率(APY)为荣,同时不牺牲安全性。我们一直在对技术栈的不同部分进行研发,包括时间策略,并与客户、客户端团队以及基金会保持持续讨论。目前,我们遵循规范,不再延迟区块,但许多其他验证者仍在这样做。我们认为最终需要在协议层面解决激励问题(快速生成区块导致奖励减少),」Oppetit 说道。

Temporal 工程总监 Ben Coverston 在被问及其验证者显然参与缓慢区块趋势时表示:「我可以说,我们并不是让人们了解这一现象的原因。」

Galaxy 的一位发言人则表示:「作为服务提供商,我们支持能够优先最大化客户质押奖励的验证者配置。在 Solana 上,这可能意味着提议稍慢的区块以确保更高的奖励获取。Galaxy 也一直响应社区反馈,并已将区块时间调整至可接受的范围内。」

然而,Solana 验证者社区普遍认为减慢网络速度并不合适,缓慢的验证者目前正面临公众的强烈反对。

他们可能很快会面临更实质性的惩罚。据 Blockworks 报道,Jito 计划将缓慢验证者从其质押池中列入黑名单,而该质押池是 Solana 网络中规模最大的。

Jito 基金会主席 Brian Smith 表示,该组织正在「起草一项治理提案,赋予一个委员会权力,从 JitoSOL 委托集合中移除落后者。这项提案应该会在几天内向社区开放讨论。」

Marinade 的联合创始人 Michael Repetny 表示,该质押池提供商正在「考虑将此问题提交治理提案,以讨论将 [缓慢验证者] 作为硬性规则/委托策略违规行为的利弊考量。」

协议层面的解决方案也正在推进中。Anza 的 GitHub 仓库显示了一项新提案,建议将 Solana 的宽限滴答期缩短一半。此外,Solana 提出的共识机制改革也有望解决这一问题。

「Alpenglow 将通过启用跳过投票功能来解决这个问题,」Anza 核心工程副总裁 Brennan Watt 表示。

Watt 在最近一期的 Lightspeed 播客中透露,Anza 希望在今年 12 月的 Solana Breakpoint 大会之前让 Alpenglow 上线主网。

说明: 比推所有文章只代表作者观点,不构成投资建议

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