以太坊 Gas 费便宜了,L2 在解决什么核心问题?

深潮Published on 2025-05-30Last updated on 2025-05-30

不同 L2 解决方案各有千秋。

撰文:Todd

从现在的结果上看,在以太坊 L1 主网的 gas fee 降到 5 年最低后,很多项目又觉得部署在 L1 似乎也并非不可,所以很多人会问,那么现在的 L2 在解决什么核心问题呢?

有个古老的话题,叫做区块链的不可能三角,以 Vitalik 的解释来说,就是【安全性】、【去中心化】和【可扩展性】三者之间只能选其二。

回归到技术本质,这就是 L2 应该解决的问题:

第一,状态摘要放 L1 上,由主网维护【安全】;

第二,在排序器上下功夫尽量保持【去中心化】;

最后,【扩展性】由 L2 在链下尽可能巧妙地实现。

不同 L2 解决方案各有千秋,OP 系 Rollup 和 ZK 系 Rollup 大家都很熟悉了。今天想聊点不一样的,比如 Based-Rollup。

Based L2 方案也是最早 V 神提出的,而 L2 例如 Taiko 一直在推 Based Rollup 思路。

PS:注意,它是 Based,这和 Coinbase 的 Base 没关系,Base 也是 OP 系的。

众所周知,一个标准 OP 系 L2 系统,排序器的权力很大,它可以决定谁的交易在前,谁的交易在后,哪怕不作恶也能通过 MEV 获利。这也是为什么例如 Metis 会提出搞去中心化排序器。

不同 L2 对于 MEV 的处理方案也是不同的:例如 Arb 的话,主张公平对待 MEV(严格按照先来后到),而 OP 则比较鼓励,认为 MEV 是自由市场行为,所以对 MEV 抽税。但是无论怎么样 L2 排序器都是地位斐然。

于是 Based-Rollup 选择挥刀向排序器——它的理念,是直接让 ETH L1 来做排序,这样来限制 L2 排序器的权力。

引用 @taikoxyz 文档里的一张图:

你可以看到,它是一个三步走:

第一步,L2 搜索者将 L2 交易打包并发送给 L2 区块 Builder;

第二步,L2 区块 Builder 构建区块;

第三步,L1 搜索者将 L2 区块包含在他们在 L1 构建的区块里。

而这里的 L1 搜索者和 L2 builder 它可以是同一个人。

这又是一个巧妙的「打两份工」的思路,其实 L1 搜索者的设备性能是有冗余的,多做一份 Taiko L2 的区块构建一点压力都没有。

说个不恰当的比喻,如果把 ETH 和 L2 比喻是省和市的关系,那么 Based Rollup 的思路就是:让市长(L2 builder)兼任副省长(L1 searcher),这样其实就动用了 L1 的资源来保护 L2 的安全。

Taiko 从 TGE 到现在正好一整年了,Token Unlock 也马上开始,所以 Taiko 一年来还酝酿了一个新的思路,叫做 Based Booster Rollup/BBR。

Booster Rollup 还可以作为 L1 的镜像,那个思路也很有意思,不过由于篇幅有限,关于 Booster Rollup 的分析下一篇再展开。

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