SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-05-19Last updated on 2025-05-19

Abstract

穆迪下调美国长期信用评级,代表美国主权债信已被所有主要评级机构移出 AAA 的行列。此消息发布于上周五美股收盘后数小时,据传也促使美国众议院预算委员会在周日晚间火速推进「One, Big, Beautiful Bill」,以图将潜在的市场冲击降至最低。撇开政治角力与预算法案的戏码,信用评级是否仍然重要?各位读者可能还记得,Silicon Valley Bank(SVB)在倒闭前仍持有「A 级」信评,更资深的读者们可能也还没忘记 CDO、CMO、次级抵押贷款与中国地产债券所获得的荒谬高评级。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

Source: IgniteRatings, X

穆迪信评(Moody’s)将美国政府的长期发行人与优先无担保债务评级自 Aaa 下调至 Aa 1 ,并将展望从负面调整为稳定。

此次下调一级反映的是过去十余年间,美国政府债务与利息支付占比持续攀升,远高于其他同评级的主权国家。

---穆迪, 2025 年 5 月 16 日

穆迪下调美国长期信用评级,代表美国主权债信已被所有主要评级机构移出 AAA 的行列。此消息发布于上周五美股收盘后数小时,据传也促使美国众议院预算委员会在周日晚间火速推进「One, Big, Beautiful Bill」,以图将潜在的市场冲击降至最低。

撇开政治角力与预算法案的戏码,信用评级是否仍然重要?各位读者可能还记得,Silicon Valley Bank(SVB)在倒闭前仍持有「A 级」信评,更资深的读者们可能也还没忘记 CDO、CMO、次级抵押贷款与中国地产债券所获得的荒谬高评级。

针对这个议题,我们以下以 FAQ 形式整理相关重点:

美国过往何时曾被降评?

2011 年 7 月:标普(S&P)

2023 年 8 月:惠誉(Fitch)

是否会产生立即性的技术影响?

对受限于评级、无法持有非 AAA 级债券的机构

由于美债作为资产类别的规模与不可替代性,这些机构通常会调整内部规则(过去也的确如此)。

对集中清算的影响

DTCC 与 CME 对国债作为质押品的处理方式,是依据久期与券种设定折扣(haircut),对评级的依赖较少。

对货币市场基金的影响

短久期配置削弱了信用评级的影响,实际上即使过去历经降评与债限争议,对国库券的需求几乎未见波动。

对美债的长期储备资产地位

实际上,Trump 总统的关税政策与全球贸易重组对全球美债需求的影响比任何评级机构都来得深远。

过往市场怎么反应?

  • 2011 年降评时,由于是首次降评,且处于初代「债务上限危机」,市场较为震惊。

  • 股市在 7 – 8 月下跌约 20% ,但由于避险对冲和当时正在进行的量化宽松政策, 10 年期美债收益率在降评后反而下滑 120 个基点(即价格上涨)。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

  • 在 2023 年,降评发生于 8 月,正好落在初夏债务上限危机之后,同时美国财政部也正在通过重建财政部一般帐户来回收市场流动性,并大量发行美债。当时 SPX 指数下跌约 10% ,美债收益率则延续年内走势上行约 50 个基点。虽然这次信评调降可能加速了市场的相对走势,但整体而言,并未对市场格局带来根本性的改变。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

此次降评会影响财政决策吗?

  • 众议院预算委员会确实在周日晚间推进了预算案,显示出一定程度上有意减缓潜在市场冲击。

  • 是否会削减美元支出、控制赤字?虽然降评可能让财政鹰派的声音更具分量,但不太可能改变支出失控的长期趋势以及对美债供应不可持续的担忧。

  • 这将增加法案最终通过时间/是否延迟的不确定性,且由于对预算有不利影响,可能会削弱减税的潜在正面效应。

本次市场可能的反应?

  • 股票方面,鉴于以往的经验,加上近几周市场在缺乏广泛领涨情况下快速上涨,股市短线反应很可能是本能式的下跌。

  • 债市的走势较难预测,需视股市风险偏好下降的幅度、财政鹰派与 Trump 之间的博弈、参议院能否在债限到期前顺利通过预算案、以及此次事件是否会影响 Trump 的 90 天关税休战协议等因素而定。

  • 综合来看,美股、美债与美元可能面临负面风险。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

宏观市场目前的仓位如何?

宏观基金、系统性基金与量化基金大多已回补空头/减码部位,甚至已转为做多。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

  • 上周市场出现小型「融涨」行情,交易员争相回补空单,纽交所的 Advance-Decline Line 指标创下近期新高。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

上周经济数据表现如何?

  • 对债市来说相当糟糕。

  • 尽管近期关税政策出现缓解,美国密大消费者预期指数仍大幅下滑。

  • 整体指数降至自 2022 年 6 月以来的最低点,几乎逼近 1980 年代以来的最低水平。

  • 长期通胀预期升至 1991 年以来的最高水平(4.6% )。

  • 1 年期通胀预期更高达 7.3% ,是 1981 年以来的最高水平。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

市场是否该担心外资抛售?

  • 我们回顾一下过去几个月的情况。

  • 非美投资者自 3 月起已停止加码美国股票基金,且成为债券基金的净卖家,这一趋势短期内可能持续。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

  • 但就实际影响而言,银行数据显示, 2024 年外国投资者持有的美元资产总额约为 57 万亿美元,相较于 1990 年的 2.2 万亿美元已经大幅提升。其中,约 17 万亿为股票资产, 15 万亿为债券。

  • 换句话说,外资约持有美国股票总供给的 20% 和美国债券总供给的 30% 。

  • 这不是小数目,无法在不影响整个资本市场结构的情况下随意大幅抛售或减持。

  • 再者,资产分散在不同外资持有者手中,任何一方的草率行动,都将牵涉到其他参与者的博弈反应。

  • 就股票市场而言,关键仍在于企业的获利表现,而目前为止表现不错。根据 JPM 的数据,SPX 指数第一季度的整体获利超出预期约 8% , 70% 的企业已公布财报,其中有 54% 的企业营收优于预期, 70% 的企业获利超出预期,而 Mag-7 的 EPS 增长高达 28% ,遥遥领先指数。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

  • 就持有结构来看(暂不论开曼等模糊的境外架构),英国、加拿大与日本是目前全球前三大美国资产持有国,同时他们也都是与美国关系密切的盟友。中国仅排名第四,占比约 4% ,明显低于前段集团的 8 – 9% 。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

  • 根据过去一个月的动向,日本投资者确实有减码美债,但同时大幅加码美股,因此这更像是一种资产配置调整,而非真正的去美元化。

  • 简而言之,短期内应该不太可能出现大规模的资金撤离或去美元流向。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

加密货币表现如何?

  • 有趣的是,尽管金价自高点下跌了约 7% ,但加密货币价格在整个走势中仍保持稳定。

  • 不同于前几个月金价与 BTC 同步上涨的走势,近期 BTC 却是在金价走弱的情况下持续走高,这一点也反映在 ETF 资金流向中。

  • 黄金 ETF 出现流出,而 BTC ETF 的流量则小幅上升,CME 的黄金与 BTC 期货持仓也呈现类似的情况。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

  • 总体来看,随著宏观市场回稳,美元贬值交易反映在大多数资产类别中,我们预期此类微观资产之间的相关性断裂与相对价值机会将会持续出现,直到下一轮重大地缘政治发展真正落地。

祝各位交易顺利!

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:AA

您可免费使用 SignalPlus 交易风向标功能t.signalplus.com/news,通过 AI 整合市场信息,市场情绪一目了然。 如果想即时收到我们的更新,欢迎关注我们的推特账号@SignalPlusCN,或者加入我们的微信群(添加小助手微信,请删除英文和数字中间的空格:SignalPlus 123)、Telegram 群以及 Discord 社群,和更多朋友一起交流互动。

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Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of S (S) are presented below.

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