特斯拉利润暴跌七成,马斯克宣布减少 DOGE 工作

深潮TechFlowPublished on 2025-04-28Last updated on 2025-04-28

Abstract

马斯克「重返」企业家身份。


作者:周永亮


特斯拉发布了特朗普再次当选后的首份财报。
4月23日,特斯拉发布截至2025年第一季度财报。财报显示,特斯拉2025年第一季度营收为193.35亿美元,较上年同期的213亿美元下降9%;在盈利方面,特斯拉一季度净利润仅为4.09亿美元,较上年同期的13.9亿美元下降了71%;经调整净利为9.34亿美元,较上年同期的15.36亿美元下降39%。
尽管当前业绩面临挑战,马斯克又拿出了「大饼」。他在财报电话会议上表示,低成本新车型的生产准备工作正按计划进行,预计将于2025年上半年开始投产。此外,Robotaxi(自动驾驶出租车)的大规模生产仍预计从2026年起逐步展开。
同时,马斯克还表示,从5月开始,他将减少与美国政府效率部(DOGE)的工作,将其减少到每周一两天。
特斯拉电话会议后,股价在收盘后上涨。截至发稿,特斯拉股价盘后上涨了5.39%。然而,今年以来,特斯拉已累计下跌超过40%,蒸发了超过5300亿美元,抹去了美国大选后的所有涨幅。
净利润暴跌71%
其实,特斯拉的业绩下滑,早已有征兆。4月初,特斯拉报告了第一季度交付量为 33.67 万辆,比上年同期下降13%。这是自2022年二季度以来,特斯拉拿出的最低季度交付成绩。
对于特斯拉来说,这种下滑是让人非常意外的。因为在很长时间里,特斯拉都保持 20%至 100%的增速,这在支撑它成为世界上市值最高的车企。


特斯拉2025Q1财报的主要财务数据|图片来源:特斯拉财报
从区域市场表现来看,情况则呈现出一定的差异。特斯拉在中国市场表现相对稳健,第一季度交付了 13.7 万辆,同比增长 3.6%。不过,尽管实现了增长,增速相比过去已明显放缓。
相比之下,美国和欧洲市场则面临更大的下滑。数据显示,今年第一季度,特斯拉在美国的交付量约为 14.2 万辆,同比下降超过 10%;欧洲市场更是近乎「崩盘」,德国、丹麦、瑞典等核心市场销量跌幅均超过50%,荷兰市场也接近腰斩,法国市场销量同比下跌41%。
虽然马斯克多次重申,特斯拉是一家人工智能+机器人公司,而不仅仅是一家汽车公司。但从当前的营收结构来看,汽车业务仍然是特斯拉主要的收入来源。
因此,汽车业务的业绩表现直接关系到特斯拉的整体财务状况。在今年第一季度,特斯拉总收入为193.35亿美元,与去年同期的水平相比下降了9%。其中,汽车业务总收入为139.67亿美元,同比下滑了20%。


特斯拉Model 3,在中国市场已经被小米SU7「击败」|图片来源:特斯拉
对此,特斯拉解释称,汽车收入的下降部分是由于Model Y在四大工厂进行更新导致的交付量减少,以及车型组合和销售激励导致平均销售价格(ASP)下降 。
不过,外界将大部分责任归咎于,马斯克在特朗普政府时期担任政府效率部(DOGE)部长的争议性经历,可能对特斯拉的品牌形象造成了一定的负面影响,并引发了部分特斯拉展厅外的抗议活动和设施破坏事件;在欧洲市场,马斯克曾公开表示对德国和英国极右翼政党的支持,这在一定程度上导致销量出现显著下滑。
尽管汽车业务面临挑战,但特斯拉的储能业务展现出强劲的增长势头,正成为其「第二增长曲线」。数据显示,该业务收入达到27.3亿美元,相较去年同期的16.35亿美元,实现了高达67%的显著增长。同时,特斯拉的服务业务也保持了稳健的增长,收入达到26.38亿美元,较上年同期的22.88亿美元增长15%。
值得关注的是,上海储能超级工厂的生产能力正在快速提升,目前已生产超过100个Megapack储能单元。
除了营收,毛利率也是观察特斯拉的重要考量。数据显示,特斯拉的整体毛利率已降至16.3%,相较2024年同期的17.4%下降了1.1个百分点,创下十多年来的最低水平。具体来看,汽车业务的毛利率(扣除监管信用)仅为12.5%。这也意味着,在成本上升和市场竞争加剧的双重压力下,特斯拉的利润空间正面临明显的压缩。
销量和毛利率的双双下滑,直接影响了特斯拉的盈利表现。2025年第一季度,归属于股东的净利润为4.09亿美元,与去年同期的13.9亿美元相比,大幅下降了71%。经调整后的净利润为9.34亿美元,较上年同期的15.36亿美元也下降了39%。
将「大幅」减少DOGE工作
当前市场对特斯拉的关注点,除了已经公布的第一季度财务数据外,还包括马斯克在特朗普政府中的角色与未来重心,以及特斯拉第二季度业绩指引、Robotaxi和和平价车型进展、自动驾驶承诺兑现情况、关税影响等。
在最近的财报会议上,马斯克坦承,特斯拉今年确实遭遇了一些「意外的波折」。然而,他强调,特斯拉的运营状况稳健,「并没有处于死亡边缘」。
至于马斯克在美国政府效率部(DOGE)的任职问题,市场传言他可能在五月份卸任。这一猜测引发了关于他是否会全职回归特斯拉的广泛关注。


马斯克领导的美国政府效率部,正在遭遇「反噬」|图片来源:视觉中国
马斯克承认,他在政府部门的经历「产生了一些反弹」,但同时强调,这是一项「至关重要的工作」。他明确表示,不会辞去在美国政府的职务,而是计划从五月份开始,减少在该部门的工作投入,将其缩减至每周一到两天。这意味着,马斯克试图在政府职责和特斯拉的运营之间寻求新的平衡。
除此之外,平价车型和自动驾驶的进展也是外界关注的方面。
马斯克在会议上透露,低成本新车型的生产准备工作正按计划推进,并预计将于2025年上半年开始投产。此外,特斯拉还计划于2026年开始量产名为「Cybercab」的自动驾驶出租车,并预计于2025年6月在美国奥斯汀进行试点。引人注目的是,这款Cybercab将采用完全自动驾驶设计,不配备方向盘、油门或刹车踏板。
值得一提的是,据称Model 3、Model Y和Cybertruck目前已能在弗里蒙特工厂和得克萨斯州超级工厂,实现从生产线到物流区域的自动驾驶。
不过,「大饼」吃多了,也会消化不良。特斯拉对平价车型和自动驾驶的承诺已持续多年,但至今尚未实现大规模交付。此外,对于即将投产的平价车型,特斯拉也没有提供具体的细节信息,这使得外界在期待进展的同时,也保持着谨慎的态度。
汽车进口关税是当前另一个备受关注的议题。相较于其他汽车制造商,特斯拉受到的直接影响相对较小,这主要是因为其在美国销售的汽车主要由位于美国的工厂生产。相比之下,许多主要汽车制造商会从墨西哥和其他国家进口部分车辆。
针对这一问题,马斯克表示,他已就关税政策向美国总统特朗普提供建议,但他也承认,最终的决策权掌握在总统手中。「我将继续主张降低关税而不是提高关税,但我只能做到这些。」
2025年1月份,马斯克曾表示,今年将是将是特斯拉历史最重要一年,为2026年的「史诗般革命」做准备。然而,从实际数据来看,特斯拉的革命开局表现惨淡。特斯拉究竟是浴火重生,还是泡沫破灭?答案,或许就藏在马斯克那张「大饼」里。但眼下,特斯拉最重要的是稳住销量,等待AI、机器人、自动驾驶等业务的成熟。

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