零Gas费用?以太坊Pectra升级带来哪些惊喜?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-03-17Last updated on 2026-07-05

Abstract

Pectra 升级:以太坊迈向高效、灵活新时代。

原文作者:Jason Nelson
原文编译:白话区块链


以太坊的 Pectra 升级定于 2025 年 3 月推出,合并了原本计划单独进行的 Prague 和 Electra 升级,以实现更好的整合,并增强可扩展性、效率和可用性。以下为正文:


什么是以太坊 Pectra 升级?


以太坊 Pectra 升级增强了网络的可扩展性、效率和质押灵活性。Pectra 扩展了第二层 (Layer-2) 解决方案的存储容量,同时降低了费用。


Pectra 最具用户友好性的改进之一是灵活的 Gas 支付。在以太坊中,「Gas」指的是用于补偿验证者维护网络安全的交易费用。通过账户抽象,Pectra 允许用户使用 ERC-20 Token( 如 USDC) 支付这些费用,而不再局限于 ETH。账户抽象通过使钱包功能更像智能合约,简化了以太坊交易,为用户提供更多交易执行控制权。


Pectra 升级还引入了 PeerData Availability Sampling(PeerDAS,即对等数据可用性采样 )。PeerDAS 通过允许节点在不完全存储交易数据的情况下验证数据,提升了以太坊的可扩展性,使网络更高效。


另一项改进是 Verkle Trees,这是一种结合向量承诺 (Vector Commitments) 和 Merkle Trees 的新数据结构,为以太坊提供了更高效的数据存储升级。Verkle Trees 优化了信息存储和验证,显著减少验证者需要保存的数据量,同时允许快速且安全地访问网络信息。


以太坊 Pectra 升级何时发生?


以太坊 Pectra 升级预计将于 2025 年 3 月中旬进行,并将分两个阶段实施。第一阶段将引入关键改进,例如将第二层的 Blob 容量从 3 个增加到 6 个,以减少拥堵和费用,同时启用账户抽象,允许使用 DAI 和 USDC 等稳定币支付 Gas 费用。


第二阶段预计于 2025 年底或 2026 年初实施,将实现高级优化,包括 PeerDAS 和 Verkle Trees,以改进数据存储和网络效率。


上一次重大以太坊升级 Dencun 于 2024 年 3 月 13 日进行。它引入了 Proto-Danksharding,通过使用称为「二进制大对象」(Blobs) 的临时数据降低了第二层区块链的交易成本。这些 Blobs 无需依赖永久性链上存储,减少了网络拥堵,提升了可扩展性,并为 Pectra 等升级奠定了基础。


Pectra 升级如何运作?


Pectra 的关键功能包括:
账户抽象:此功能支持使用多种 Token( 如 USDC、DAI) 支付 Gas 费用,并允许第三方费用赞助。
智能合约优化 (EIP-7692):提升以太坊虚拟机 (EVM) 的效率。
验证者升级:EIP-7002 :启用灵活的质押提款。
EIP-7251 :将验证者质押限额从 32 ETH 增加到 2048 ETH。
数据存储增强:VerkleTrees:减少存储需求并改进交易处理。
PeerDAS:增强第二层可扩展性并减少网络拥堵。
Pectra 升级引入了多项以太坊改进提案 (EIPs),以增强钱包可用性、质押和可扩展性。
EIP-7702 :使外部拥有账户 (EOAs) 暂时作为智能合约运行,简化交易并替代现已废弃的 EIP-3074 。
EIP-7251 :将每个验证者的最大质押额从 32 ETH 提高到 2048 ETH,以减少网络拥堵。
EIP-7002 :改进验证者退出流程,为质押服务提供商提高效率。
EIP-7742 :通过加倍交易吞吐量、增加 Blob 容量和降低费用,增强第二层可扩展性。
EIP-2537 :引入加密效率改进。
EIP-2935 :提供链上存储历史区块哈希的机制。
EIP-6110 :简化验证者存款流程。


Pectra 升级如何影响用户?


Pectra 升级预计将以多种方式惠及以太坊用户,包括交易批量处理、新恢复选项和新钱包类型。


一旦 Pectra 升级上线,以太坊用户可能会看到更低甚至零 Gas 费用,因为第三方服务和去中心化应用程序 (dApps) 将有权选择赞助交易费用,在某些情况下可能完全消除交易费用。


Pectra 还引入了新钱包功能,以提升以太坊的可用性和可访问性,包括:


交易批量处理:允许多个交易捆绑为一个,降低成本并提高效率。


社交恢复:为丢失的私钥提供安全网,通过受信任的联系人帮助恢复钱包访问权限。
原生多重签名钱包:通过要求多次批准才能执行交易来增强安全性,使资金免受未经授权的访问。


Pectra 升级的潜在挑战


以太坊开发者预计 Pectra 将顺利推出,但仍存在关键风险。根据 Obol 和 Liquid Collective 在 2024 年 6 月发布的报告,客户端多样性是一个问题,因为主流客户端中的错误可能会破坏网络稳定性。操作者集中化也可能增加因质押集中在少数实体而导致的惩罚风险。对 AWS 和 Hetzner 等云服务的依赖还带来了停机和安全漏洞风险,影响验证者在线时间和网络韧性。


另一个挑战是 Pectra 升级的钱包验证变化可能会使未及时更新的旧协议暴露于漏洞之中。同时,提高质押限额可能鼓励集中化,将权力集中在较大参与者手中,并吸引监管审查。分布式验证者技术的缓慢采用 ( 该技术可减轻单点故障并降低集中化控制风险 ) 可能会削弱网络韧性。


测试网的初期问题


这些挑战在 2025 年 2 月变得明显,当时 Pectra 升级在以太坊的 Holesky 测试网上激活,但未能实现终局性 ( 即交易被确认并永久记录在区块链上的状态 )。虽然这是一个挫折,但测试网「存在的目的就是发现问题」,加密投资公司 Paradigm 的普通合伙人兼首席技术官 Georgios Konstantopoulos 表示。


以太坊开发者选择推迟 Pectra 发布,以在 Holesky 测试网的「影子分叉」上测试升级,这是一个临时副本,使测试得以继续进行,同时等待 Holesky 测试网恢复终局性——最终在 3 月 10 日实现,比首次激活晚了两周多。


这并不是以太坊升级首次在测试网上未能实现终局性;2024 年 3 月,Dencun 升级在 Goerli 测试网上线时也遇到了类似问题。


下一阶段的准备工作将于 3 月 17 日启动一个专为 Pectra 升级设计的测试网,代号为 Hoodi。如果一切顺利,开发者预计 Pectra 将于 4 月 25 日在主网上线。


Pectra 之后的以太坊未来


Pectra 升级是以太坊路线图中的重要一步,与其可扩展性、安全性和去中心化的长期愿景保持一致。作为以太坊向更高效网络过渡的一部分,Pectra 为未来更新奠定了基础。

零Gas费用?以太坊Pectra升级带来哪些惊喜?


2025 年 1 月,以太坊联合创始人 Vitalik Buterin 回应了关于 ETH 价格以及第二层扩展解决方案对网络经济影响的担忧。Buterin 强调,第二层网络需要通过燃烧部分费用或将其质押为社区利益来支持 ETH 的价值。


「我们应该明确思考 ETH 的经济性,」Buterin 写道。「我们需要确保 ETH 即使在第二层为主的世界中也能继续增值,最好能解决价值积累的多种模式问题。」


Buterin 还呼吁标准化跨链功能、增强互操作性,并优先考虑安全性,以防止第二层链上的审查。他将这一时刻的重要性比作「战时模式」,强调了他直面这些挑战并推动以太坊发展的决心。


小结


Pectra 升级是以太坊自 2022 年「合并」以来的又一重大更新,计划于 2025 年 3 月上线。它通过账户抽象、Verkle Trees 等技术,大幅提升网络性能和用户体验,同时引入灵活的 Gas 支付和更高的质押限额。然而,升级也面临客户端多样性、集中化风险等挑战。本文将深度剖析 Pectra 升级的技术亮点与潜在问题,带你一探以太坊未来发展的关键一步。

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