美参议院将表决稳定币法案,美元面临“私有化”的风险?

金十数据Published on 2025-03-13Last updated on 2025-03-13

在特朗普当选美国总统后,加密货币投资者欢欣鼓舞,比特币和以太坊等代币价格大幅上涨,该行业期待一个监管力度更宽松的制度,甚至期望美国以建立战略加密货币储备的形式对市场给予直接支持。

但此后,在与特朗普贸易政策相关的更广泛市场低迷中,比特币已回吐了大部分涨幅。同时,特朗普政府建立比特币储备的举措有点令人失望,因为纳税人的资金不会被用于支撑比特币的价格。

这使得加密货币行业将目光投向国会,视其为推动行业发展的下一个重要催化剂。

稳定币法案

美国参议院定于周四就《指导和建立美国稳定币创新法案》 (GENIUS Act)进行投票。这是一项全面的稳定币法案,批评者和支持者都表示,该法案将使联邦政府对这个新兴行业予以认可,并为稳定币作为一种支付手段在加密货币交易领域之外更广泛地被采用扫清道路。

稳定币法案由田纳西州共和党参议员比尔·哈格蒂(Bill Hagerty)提出,并由纽约州民主党参议员柯尔斯滕·吉利布兰德(Kirsten Gillibrand)共同发起。该法案为稳定币发行方创建一个双重监管框架,允许公司向州或联邦当局进行注册。

稳定币是一种加密货币,其价值与美元等政府支持的货币挂钩。它们目前主要用于促进加密货币的交易,但该行业认为它们有潜力成为消费者和企业的支付手段。

然而,一位知名的加密货币怀疑论者——马萨诸塞州民主党参议员伊丽莎白·沃伦(Elizabeth Warren)表示,她希望团结参议院民主党人反对这项措施,并警告称这将为大型科技公司接管美元打开大门。

“根据这项法案,埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)明天就可以推出‘X货币’,在几乎没有监管的情况下将社交媒体变成一个支付帝国,” 沃伦在一份两页的法案分析中表示,这份分析已分发给她的民主党同僚。“我们看到的是美元潜在的私有化。”

吉利布兰德则认为,这些担忧被夸大了,并且该法案 “对于维持美元的主导地位、促进负责任的创新以及保护消费者至关重要”。

根据提议的框架,稳定币发行方将不受与信用卡和点对点支付平台相同的联邦消费者金融保护措施的约束。批评者警告称,如果发行方倒闭,消费者可能面临资金冻结、漫长的破产程序或直接的损失。

该法案的支持者认为,要求发行方持有一对一的储备资产将防止此类灾难的发生,并为稳定币交易提供更安全的基础。

“重要的是要明白,稳定币不是银行业务。稳定币监管的重点应该是它们用于支付,我们历来不会像监管银行那样监管支付公司,”提供比特币闪电网络(Bitcoin Lightning Network)支付服务的公司Lightspark的首席法务官贾伊·马萨里(Jai Massari)表示。

“在我们真正看到稳定币潜在的创新应用案例之前,全面禁止某些类型的公司发行稳定币只会限制竞争,”她补充道。

该法案对金融稳定的潜在影响是另一个争议点。虽然它禁止稳定币发行方持有高度波动的资产,但它允许投资货币市场基金、回购协议和未投保的银行存款——这些资产在过去的金融危机中曾得到政府的救助。

乔治城大学(Georgetown University)的破产法专家亚当·莱维廷(Adam Levitin)以2023年硅谷银行救助事件为例,说明对金融危机的担忧可能迫使政策制定者为行业提供代价高昂且不受欢迎的支持。

“通过为稳定币创建一个监管框架,联邦政府将‘承担’市场上出现的任何问题,”莱维廷在最近的一篇博客文章中写道。“这就造成了一种情况,即政府必须自行出资提供安全保障。换句话说,这就设定了一种救助机制。”

SEC推迟对新的加密ETF的批准

美国证券交易委员会(SEC)已推迟决定是否批准由几种山寨币(包括瑞波币、索拉纳币、莱特币和狗狗币)支持的交易型开放式指数基金(ETF)的申请,以及一项新的以太坊ETF提案,该提案允许发行方质押其持有的资产,并将部分收益分配给投资者。

分析师表示,这些决定至少会推迟到参议院确认候任SEC主席保罗·阿特金斯(Paul Atkins)并由他执掌该监管机构之时。

彭博情报ETF分析师詹姆斯·塞法特(James Seyffart)认为,莱特币ETF获得批准的可能性为90%,索拉纳币ETF为70%,狗狗币ETF为75%,瑞波币ETF为65%。

塞法特周二在社交平台X上表示,这些延迟是“标准程序”,并且最终的批准截止日期要到10月。“这并没有改变我们认为这些ETF有较高获批可能性的看法,” 他写道。

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