特朗普签署的首份加密行政命令包括哪些内容?

区块律动Published on 2025-01-24Last updated on 2025-01-24

Abstract

今日美国总统特朗普正式签署《加强美国在数字金融技术领域的领导地位》加密行政命令。这一行政行动不仅标志着美国政府对数字资产行业的重视,也为其未来发展提供了明确的政策框架。那该行政命令重点说了哪些核心内容?有哪些潜在影响?

原文标题:《禁止 CBDC,拥护美元主权,特朗普签署首份加密行政命令》

原文作者:KarenZ,Foresight News

今日美国总统特朗普正式签署《加强美国在数字金融技术领域的领导地位》加密行政命令。这一行政行动不仅标志着美国政府对数字资产行业的重视,也为其未来发展提供了明确的政策框架。那该行政命令重点说了哪些核心内容?有哪些潜在影响?

TL;DR

1、保护加密权利(开发和部署相关软件、自托管、交易、挖矿);

2、禁止 CBDC;

3、保护美元主权,支持美元支持的稳定币;

4、180 天后出台新的监管框架,将规范数字资产的发行和运营,并评估建立和维护国家数字资产储备的可能性(储备可能来自联邦政府通过其执法工作合法扣押的加密货币)。

5、所有机构必须在 30 天内审查现有影响数字资产行业的规则,60 天内提交关于是否应撤销或修改现有的法规或指导。

加密行政命令核心内容

支持创新与负责任发展

该行政命令称,本届政府的政策是支持所有经济部门负责任地发展和使用数字资产、区块链技术和相关技术,包括:

1、保护和促进个人公民及私营实体合法访问和使用开放的公共区块链网络的能力,包括开发和部署软件、参与挖矿和验证、在不受非法审查的情况下与他人交易,以及自主托管数字资产的能力;

2、促进和保护美元主权,包括通过行动推动全球合法且合规的美元稳定币的发展与增长;

3、保护和促进所有守法公民及私营实体公平、开放地获得银行服务;

4、提供基于技术中立法规的监管明确性和确定性,制定考虑新兴技术的框架,确保决策透明,并明确界定监管边界,这些对于支持充满活力和包容性的数字经济以及数字资产、无许可区块链和分布式账本技术的创新至关重要;

5、采取措施保护美国人免受中央银行数字货币(CBDC)的风险,包括禁止在美国境内建立、发行、流通和使用 CBDC,以防止其对金融系统稳定性、个人隐私和美国主权构成威胁。

撤销旧政策,建立新框架

1、撤销 2022 年 3 月 9 日发布的第 14067 号行政命令(《确保数字资产的负责任发展》)。

2、财政部长应立即撤销财政部于 2022 年 7 月 7 日发布的《数字资产国际参与框架》。

根据该行政命令,今日,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)正式撤销加密资产会计标准 SAB-121。SAB-121 是美 SEC 于 2022 年发布的一项指导意见,要求持有加密货币的公司在其资产负债表上记录这些资产,并披露相关风险。该公告适用于所有受 SEC 监管的实体,特别是银行和金融机构,可能会导致它们面临更高的资本要求,从而影响其提供加密货币托管服务的能力。

对此,美参议员 Cynthia Lummis 表示,SAB 121 的撤销使 SEC 重回正轨。MicroStrategy 创始人 Michael Saylor 表示,废除 SAB 121 允许银行托管比特币。

设立总统数字资产市场工作组

为协调各部门行动,行政命令设立总统数字资产市场工作组。该工作组由人工智能与加密货币特别顾问 David Sacks(主席)领导,还包括财政部、司法部、商务部等多个部门的负责人,如财政部长、司法部长、商务部长、国土安全部长、管理与预算办公室主任、总统国家安全事务助理、总统国家经济政策助理(APEP)、总统科学与技术助理、国土安全顾问、证券交易委员会主席、商品期货交易委员会主席等。

工作组立法提案包括哪些内容?

在本命令发布之日起 30 天内,财政部、司法部、证券交易委员会和其他相关机构(其负责人包括工作组负责人)应确定影响数字资产行业的所有法规、指导文件、命令或其他项目。在本命令发布之日起 60 天内,每个机构应向主席提交关于是否应撤销或修改每个已确定的法规、指导文件、命令或其他项目的建议,或者对于法规以外的项目,应在法规中采用。

在本命令发布之日起 180 天内,工作组应通过 APEP 向总统提交报告,该报告应推荐推进本命令中制定的政策的监管和立法提案,包括:

1、工作组应提出一个联邦监管框架,以规范美国境内数字资产(包括稳定币)的发行和运营。报告应考虑市场结构、监督、消费者保护和风险管理等方面的规定。

2、工作组应评估建立和维护国家数字资产储备的可能性,并提出建立此类储备的标准,这些储备可能来自联邦政府通过其执法工作合法扣押的加密货币。

3、主席应指定一名工作组执行主任,负责协调其日常职能。在涉及国家安全的问题上,工作组应与国家安全委员会协商。

4、在适当且符合法律的情况下,工作组应举行公开听证会,并听取数字资产和数字市场领域专家的意见。

禁止中央银行数字货币

该行政命令指出,除非法律另有要求,各机构不得在美国境内或境外采取任何行动建立、发行或推广 CBDC。另外,任何机构正在进行的与在美国境内创建 CBDC 相关的计划或倡议应立即终止,且不得采取进一步行动开发或实施此类计划或倡议。

Foresight News 注:行政命令是美国总统签署、书面和公布的指令,用于管理联邦政府的运作,不需要国会的批准。行政命令和公告具有法律效力,但不是一项法律。只有现任美国总统才能通过发布另一项行政命令来推翻已有的行政命令。

有何潜在影响?

明确的监管框架和政府的支持将为数字资产行业提供更稳定的发展环境,吸引更多资本和人才进入该领域。同时,普通投资者将因更严格的监管和更高的透明度而对数字资产行业更具信心。

另外,通过推动美元稳定币(而非 CBDC)的全球发展,美国将进一步巩固美元在国际金融体系中的主导地位,增强其经济影响力。与此同时,稳定币也将迎来属于自己的黄金时代,成为连接传统金融与数字金融的重要桥梁。

值得一提的是,特朗普的加密行政命令将美联储和联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)排除在数字资产工作组之外。FDIC 负责保障银行存款安全,排除 FDIC 可能削弱工作组在保护消费者权益和维护金融稳定方面的能力。美联储和 FDIC 的缺席可能导致监管框架的碎片化。

关于建立数字资产储备,根据行政命令,数字资产工作组应评估建立和维护国家数字资产储备的可能性,这些储备可能来自联邦政府通过其执法工作合法扣押的加密货币。目前尚未指出会从公开市场中购买加密货币。

Michael Saylor 表示,特朗普签署的加密行政命令标志着加密文艺复兴的正式开启。这一行政行动不仅为美国数字资产行业的发展提供了明确的政策导向和有力的法律支持,更为全球数字金融市场的繁荣与发展注入了新的活力和动力。美国在数字资产领域的政策调整可能引发其他国家的效仿或回应,从而推动全球范围内对数字资产的监管协调与合作。

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