2025 年五大洲九国推进比特币战略储备,价格突破在即?

marsbitPublished on 2025-01-14Last updated on 2025-01-15

全球各地的政界人士都在争论,比特币储备将有利于各自的国家。

在过去的一年里,比特币的受欢迎程度激增,以至于全球五大洲的立法者和监管机构现在都将其视为一种潜在的储备资产——这是一种由中央银行持有、可用于结算交易的可转移价值储藏工具。

捷克已成为最新引发媒体关注的国家,考虑采取这一措施。捷克国家银行(CNB)行长阿莱什·米赫尔(Aleš Michl)在 1 月 5 日表示,银行正在考虑将比特币纳入该国外汇储备多样化战略的一部分。

与此同时,美国国会正在审议一项法案,要求财政部建立国家比特币储备,每年以 20 万 BTC 的购买量,在五年内收购 100 万个比特币。其他国家的政府也面临压力,纷纷考虑效仿,例如瑞士和波兰。

Cointelegraph 编制了一张全球比特币储备引起政府关注的国家地图。历史上第一次,这张地图涵盖了五大洲,包含了九个国家。

国际

美国和巴西的比特币储备计划

到目前为止,只有萨尔瓦多已经建立了比特币储备。在总统纳伊布·布克尔(Nayib Bukele)的领导下,该国在 2021 年成为第一个将比特币视为法定货币的国家。布克尔已积累了 6022 个比特币,按照当前价格计算,价值超过 560 亿美元。

美国和巴西可能很快会加入萨尔瓦多的行列,成为第二和第三个拥有比特币储备的国家。


美国

在 2024 年美国联邦选举期间,比特币成为焦点,政治家们发展加密货币政策,以吸引选民并获得加密行业的资助。

当选总统唐纳德·特朗普发表了一系列积极的言论,声称美国应该成为加密行业的全球领导者。除强硬言辞外,国会目前正在审议一项法案,要求美国政府建立比特币储备。

参议员辛西娅·拉米斯(Cynthia Lummis)提出的 2024 年《比特币法案》将要求美国财政部在五年内以每年 20 万比特币的购买量,收购 100 万个比特币。

尽管拉米斯代表多数派——目前共和党在美国国会两院占有多数——但在其他立法者中,支持这一法案的力量可能不足以将其变为法律。

加密货币在两党之间都有支持者,但按当前价格计算,购买 20 万比特币的花费超过 180 亿美元,而美国选民对比特币的价值提案仍存疑,许多人认为加密货币只是一时的潮流。


巴西

与美国类似,巴西的立法者也提出了一项法案,旨在建立比特币储备。该法案于 11 月 25 日提出,认为“主权战略比特币储备”(RESBit)将有助于稳定雷亚尔,并使主权储备免受货币波动和地缘政治风险的影响。

截至出版时,巴西的各个委员会正在审查该立法。如果通过,该法案将允许巴西在其主权储备中配置 5% 的比特币。


俄罗斯和捷克也在考虑比特币储备


在捷克和俄罗斯,中央银行和财政部的高级官员正在考虑建立比特币储备。


俄罗斯

2024 年 7 月,俄罗斯的公司开始使用加密货币进行国际支付,原因是法律发生了变化,允许通过加密货币绕过西方制裁。

这一变通方法在俄罗斯官员中得到了广泛的公众支持。在 2024 年 11 月 6 日的俄罗斯知识学会(Russian Society of Knowledge)上,财政部长安东·西卢安诺夫(Anton Siluanov)表示,尽管他不推荐散户投资者进入加密市场,但数字资产在当前地缘政治环境下,作为国际结算手段具有重要作用。

“国际贸易参与者——进口商和出口商——不再用(法定)货币进行结算,而是使用加密钱包并用加密货币进行结算。为什么不呢?在当前的局势下,这是合情合理的。”

这一重要功能显然促使国家杜马副主席安东·特卡切夫(Anton Tkachev)上个月正式向西卢安诺夫提出请求,要求国家创建战略比特币储备。

特卡切夫指出,传统货币储备,如人民币和美元,正面临日益增长的不稳定性,补充道,加密货币“事实上成为了在制裁下国家进行国际贸易的唯一工具”。央行正在准备进行跨境加密货币结算的实验。


捷克

在捷克,捷克国家银行行长阿莱什·米赫尔(Aleš Michl)在接受采访时表示,银行正在考虑将比特币纳入该国外汇储备多样化战略的一部分。

米赫尔指出,他只考虑购买少量比特币,这些比特币不会占据银行资产负债表的较大比例。此项收购计划需要七位银行行长的全体批准。

捷克国家银行(CNB)董事会顾问贾尼斯·阿利亚普利奥斯(Janis Aliapulios)随后告诉 Cointelegraph,银行并没有正式的收购计划,只是米赫尔并未排除未来进一步讨论这一问题的可能性。

“总而言之,捷克国家银行目前并未考虑将加密资产纳入其储备。不过,米赫尔行长并未排除未来就此话题进行进一步讨论的可能性。”


全球范围内的比特币储备关注度上升


全球范围内对比特币标准的关注不断加大,许多知名政策制定者和法律专家纷纷在波兰、瑞士、德国、南非、香港、日本和委内瑞拉等国发声支持。


瑞士

瑞士自比特币初期以来,一直对加密货币保持友好和前瞻性,许多重要的加密公司和基金会都在此设立了运营机构。

该国可能很快会进一步推动加密货币的采用。2024 年 12 月 5 日,包括 Tether 能源与矿业副总裁吉沃·赞加内(Giw Zanganeh)和瑞士比特币非营利智库 2B4CH 创始人兼主席伊夫·贝纳伊姆(Yves Bennaïm)在内的加密倡导者,向瑞士国家银行(SNB)提交了一项提案,要求将比特币作为储备资产。

提案人必须在 2026 年 6 月 30 日前收集到 100,000 个签名。考虑到瑞士总人口为 892 万人,这意味着仅 1% 的瑞士公民就需签名。

2B4CH 早已计划提交这样的提案,但由于支持率较低或缺乏热情,这一提案曾一度被推迟。贝纳伊姆最近对 Cointelegraph 表示,时局已变。

“现在,一切都在顺利进行,这就是为什么我们提交了相关文件,并将开始收集签名。”

如果这项请愿获得所需签名,该提案将提交公投。


南非

南非的“uMkhonto weSizwe 党”(MKP)也呼吁在南非建立比特币储备。

上个月,MKP 的发言人恩哈马卢·恩德赫拉(Nhlamulo Ndhlela)在 X 平台上宣布,MKP“认为南非应该考虑将比特币作为一种资产,作为战略储备,并将比特币挖矿作为更广泛经济振兴和多样化战略的一部分。”

尽管许多比特币储备提案都围绕紧缩政策、通货膨胀和“数字货币升值”展开,恩德赫拉表示,比特币可能成为经济解放的手段,因为当前政府“继续通过国际货币基金组织和世界银行贷款使我们的国家负债。”

恩德赫拉表示,计划将从 1%–2% 的比特币配置开始,这还将有助于将 3 吉瓦的过剩可再生能源生产货币化。他进一步指出,这将减少对美元的依赖,帮助该国与金砖国家伙伴共同制定区域金融战略。

MKP 目前是反对党,在 400 席的国会中占有 58 席。


波兰

波兰总统候选人斯瓦沃米尔·门岑(Sławomir Mentzen)承诺,如果他在 2025 年 5 月的总统选举中获胜,将使比特币成为储备资产。

门岑是极右翼的民族主义者,属于自由与法治党,并且也是波兰历史上第一个提出比特币政策的总统候选人。

他强调比特币可以作为对抗国际货币基金组织和欧盟货币主权控制的“独立储备资产”,他认为这一点对于波兰的金融独立性至关重要。

门岑计划提议将比特币纳入波兰外汇储备,同时通过允许波兰公民持有比特币免税,进一步促进比特币的普及。


结论


全球对比特币储备的兴趣正在增加,许多国家的立法者正在考虑将其作为储备资产。虽然面临挑战和争议,但比特币可能会在未来成为世界货币体系的核心部分。随着更多国家的参与,比特币作为储备资产的潜力将会得到进一步验证。

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