金融巨头、养老基金纷纷杀入加密市场,比特币“中心化”风险加剧

币界网Published on 2024-08-16Last updated on 2024-08-16

币界网报道:


本报(chinatimes.net.cn)记者赵奕 上海报道

8月15日,根据各大机构向美国SEC提交的季度文件,高盛和摩根士丹利在今年第二季度已累计买入超6亿美元的现货比特币ETF。此外,养老基金也在加速入场,美国密歇根州养老基金在第二季度买入660万美元的比特币现货ETF。

“头部金融机构和养老基金对比特币ETF的增持,代表了数字资产市场与传统金融市场进一步融合的趋势,这将对比特币市场的长期发展产生深远影响。”Uweb校长、中国通信工业协会区块链专委会共同主席于佳宁向《华夏时报》记者表示。

如今,距离比特币现货ETF登陆美国市场已经过去了7个月,数据显示,目前在美国证券交易所交易的10只现货比特币基金总计持有近100万枚比特币,但随着持有量的上升,比特币的去中心化特性正在遭受挑战。

金融巨头加码比特币ETF

统计数据显示,对冲基金、养老基金和银行继续大量投资比特币现货ETF,更多的传统投资者也开始接受这一资产类别。截至8月15日,已有701只新基金向SEC报告持有比特币现货ETF,持有总数已接近1950支。

根据披露文件,截至6月30日,高盛已斥资约4.18亿美元购入比特币现货ETF资产,其中持有贝莱德IBIT近700万股,价值约为2.38亿美元。持仓量第二及第三的比特币ETF分别为富达FBTC和景顺BTCO。摩根士丹利持有贝莱德IBIT 550万股,价值1.88亿美元。此外,还持有较少股份的ARKB和灰度GBTC。

美国银行提交的文件显示,其持有价值280万美元的IBIT,增持31%;以及150万美元的FBTC,增持21%。

对冲基金公司D.E. Shaw向SEC提交的二季度文件显示,截至6月30日,其持有价值9000万美元的贝莱德IBIT,以及价值9000万美元的富达FBTC,较一季度大幅增持。

在于佳宁看来,对比特币ETF的增持既是机构对比特币本身价值的认可,也是对其作为一种新兴金融产品在传统金融市场中的地位的肯定。ETF的透明度、流动性和合规性,使得比特币更容易被主流投资者所接受。尤其是在当前全球经济不确定性增加的背景下,比特币作为“数字黄金”具有避险资产的属性,因此受到了广泛的关注和认可。

“这些金融机构通常具有较高的风险管理能力和市场判断力,其大规模进入比特币市场表明,他们看好比特币作为一种资产类别的长期潜力。”于佳宁认为,这种行为也可能进一步吸引更多的机构投资者进入市场,形成一种正向的市场反馈机制,从而推动比特币市场的持续增长。

根据披露文件,并非所有的机构都选择了增持。据对冲基金Millennium Management提交的文件,该基金在第二季度大幅降低了现货比特币ETF的仓位,其中,减持14%FBTC,现持有5.89亿美元;减持48% IBIT,现持有3.71亿美元;减持52%GBTC,现持有8200万美元。

Bitwise数据显示,今年第二季度约有66%的机构投资者通过美国现货交易所交易基金增持了比特币,44%的资产管理者在第二季度增加了比特币ETF头寸,而22%的资产管理者保持稳定。此外,有21%的投资者选择了减持,13%的人选择了退出。

比特币持有量愈发集中

比特币曾以其去中心化的特点,吸引了全球投资者的关注,然而随着传统金融机构的加入,比特币的持有量越来越集中。数据显示,目前美国市场上的比特币现货ETF总计持有近100万枚比特币。而仅美国上市公司MicroStrategy一家企业便已持有超过15万枚比特币,占比特币供应量的近1%。

“随着ETF持有量的增加和部分公司持续购入,比特币确实越来越集中于少量玩家手中。”中国民协新质生产力与元宇宙工作委员会常务副会长及秘书长吴高斌向《华夏时报》记者表示,这种集中趋势可能会对比特币的去中心化特性产生一定影响。

吴高斌表示,比特币集中在少数人手中,可能导致市场操纵行为增多,从而影响加密货币市场的健康发展。中心化的比特币可能更容易遭受黑客攻击,一旦比特币被集中持有,攻击者可能通过攻击少量节点来控制整个网络。此外,加密货币市场的中心化趋势可能引发监管部门的关注,从而加大监管压力。

挖矿能力集中于少数矿池的现象,更加剧了比特币中心化的风险。有数据显示,Foundry USA与Antpool二者已掌控了超50%的比特币总算力,而全球前五大矿池则掌握逾80%的算力。

此外,大型金融机构也在深度参与比特币挖矿,比如,贝莱德已购入Marathon矿业的6.71%股权及Riot的6.61%股权,投资额近3.83亿美元;Vanguard持有Riot约1790万股及Marathon约1750万股。业内人士认为,这些金融巨擘在比特币挖矿业务中的影响力持续增强,可能导致网络决策权与控制权集中于少数人手中,而非广泛分布于各层级参与者。

财经评论员张雪峰也向《华夏时报》记者表达了相似观点,他认为,比特币的持有分布越来越集中于少数大型金融机构和投资者手中。这种趋势对比特币的去中心化特性产生了一定的挑战,可能导致市场操纵的风险增加,这与比特币“去中心化的货币系统”的初衷背道而驰。

张雪峰表示,当持有大量比特币的机构进行大规模买卖时,可能引发市场的剧烈波动,增加市场的不稳定性。此外,比特币的吸引力之一是其去中心化和抗审查性,持有量的集中化可能削弱这一特性,进而影响投资者的信任和参与热情。

对此,于佳宁认为,虽然比特币持有量的集中化趋势可能会对比特币的去中心化特性带来一定挑战,但这并不必然是负面的。相反,随着大型机构和企业的加入,比特币市场有望获得更大的认可和支持,继续在全球金融体系中发挥重要作用。

于佳宁进一步表示,从行业发展的角度来看,机构的深度参与不仅树立了比特币作为合法投资工具的标杆,还推动了市场的成熟与稳定。这一趋势可能会带动更为积极的监管态度,为数字资产市场的合规化与合法化创造有利条件,促使整个行业向更稳健的方向发展。

责任编辑:徐芸茜 主编:公培佳

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