总结 35 年美国利率周期规律,42 天后的降息能开启比特币第二轮牛市吗?

深潮Published on 2024-08-13Last updated on 2024-08-13

历史过于相似,降息难成加密市场上涨的根本动力。

撰文:南枳,Odaily 星球日报

自比特币突破三年前 6.9 万美元新高以来,已连续多月在五万至七万美元的区间宽幅震荡。在比特币减半之后,可预见的宏大叙事仅剩美联储降息。

而这一事件日期已是板上钉钉,据 CME 美联储观察数据,美联储在 9 月 24 日降息的概率已上升至 100% ,只有下调 25 个基点或 50 个基点的区别,目前二者概率约五五开。

那么降息是否能为比特币和全体加密市场带来一波大行情?Odaily 于本文复盘了 1989 年至 2019 年期间美联储的五次主要降息周期,探究是否存在客观规律。

刻舟 2018 年 -2020 年

这一轮的美联储加息终止于 2018 年 12 月 19 日,三个季度后的 2019 年 7 月 31 日开始了首次降息。本轮降息也是比特币和加密市场经历过的第一场和唯一一场降息周期。比特币价格、纳斯达克指数和黄金价格走势如下图所示:

从图中可以明显看出,降息在发生之前就已明显 Price In,尤其是比特币提前量最大,最后一次加息至第一次降息期间比特币上涨 161.7% ,纳指上涨 23.2% ,黄金上涨 13.7% 。而在降息之后反而只有纳指和黄金继续上涨,比特币持续宽幅震荡。

在最后一次降息(2020/3/15)前比特币就发生了众所周知的 312 大暴跌,全球市场同样哀鸿遍野。但此时美联储已经将利率下降到 0.00% -0.25% ,因此采用了超大规模的量化宽松政策,最终流动性溢出至加密市场,引发了 2021 年的大牛市。

2023 年 7 月 27 日最后一次加息后的三大市场走势对比如下。彼时彼刻,恰如此时此刻,从最后一次加息至至 8 月 2 日(因黄金数据只采集到此日),比特币上涨 122.6% ,纳指上涨 19.4% ,黄金上涨 27% 。比特币或许已再次对加息 Price In。

回首 1989 年 -2008 年

再往前的美国降息周期需回溯至 2007 年,彼时比特币尚未诞生。但现在通常认为加密市场仍与美股市场具有较强关联性,因此我们仍以纳指和黄金价格走势作为研究对象和比特币价格的替代品,探究降息与价格的波动关系。

2006 年 - 硬着陆

2006 年开始的周期中:

  • 最后一次加息发生于 2006 年 6 月 29 日,联邦基金利率升至 5.25% 。

  • 第一次降息发生于 2007 年 9 月 18 日,联邦基金利率从 5.25% 下调至 4.75% 。

  • 最后一次降息发生于 2008 年 12 月 16 日,联邦基金利率降至 0% 至 0.25% 。

走势上:

  • 纳指在降息前上涨,降息后下降,降息结束前后上涨;

  • 黄金在降息前上涨,降息后震荡上升。

时代背景上:

2007 年次贷危机爆发,金融系统崩坏,美联储 9 月开始降息以应对不断恶化的金融状况和经济放缓的威胁,随后 BTC 诞生。

2000 年 - 硬着陆

2000 年开始的周期中:

  • 最后一次加息发生于 2000 年 5 月 16 日,联邦基金利率升至 6.50% 。

  • 第一次降息发生于 2001 年 1 月 3 日,联邦基金利率从 6.50% 下调至 6.00% 。

  • 最后一次降息发生于 2003 年 6 月 25 日,联邦基金利率降至 1.00% 。

走势上:

  • 纳指在降息前上涨,降息后下降,降息结束前后上涨(2004 年 6 月第一次见顶,图中未给出);

  • 黄金在降息前上涨,降息后震荡上升。

时代背景上:

2000 年互联网泡沫破裂,科技股和互联网公司的估值急剧下降。美联储在 2001 年初开始了一系列的降息措施,试图缓解经济衰退的压力。但由于泡沫破裂带来的市场崩溃以及企业盈利的显著下滑,市场情绪极为悲观。

1995 年 - 软着陆

1995 年开始的周期中:

1995 年 2 月 1 日完成最后一次加息,同年 7 月 6 日开始降息, 12 月 19 日最后一次降息。整个周期相较其他年份非常短暂。

走势上:

  • 纳指在降息前上涨,降息后上涨;

  • 黄金在降息前震荡,降息后下跌。

时代背景上:

彼时,美国经济相对强劲,且正处于科技创新和互联网发展的初期阶段。1995 年的降息是预防性措施,意在支持经济的持续扩张,因此也非常短暂。

1989 年 - 软着陆

1989 年开始的周期中:

  • 最后一次加息: 1989 年 2 月 24 日,联邦基金利率升至 9.75% 。

  • 第一次降息: 1989 年 6 月 28 日,联邦基金利率从 9.75% 下调至 9.5% 。

  • 最后一次降息: 1992 年 9 月 4 日,联邦基金利率降至 3.00% 。

走势上:

  • 纳指在降息前上涨,降息后震荡;

  • 黄金在降息前下跌,降息后震荡。

时代背景上:

1980 年代的美国经济经历了一个较长的扩张期。到 1989 年,经济扩张已经持续了 7 年,成为战后最长的经济扩张之一。1980 年代末期,美国面临着较高的通货膨胀压力,美联储在 1988 年通过加息来应对通胀,但这些加息举措在 1989 年显现出了对经济增长的抑制效果。

结论

综上,有几点显著结论:

  • 降息并不会直接开启股市和大类资产的牛市,相关影响往往早已 Price In;

  • 降息对后市的影响取决于彼时的整体经济情况,是为了促进经济发展主动降息,还是出现黑天鹅事件被迫降息。从美股角度来看是经济韧性和流动性宽松定价的角力。

  • 黄金受益于利率下降(同时美元下跌)多数情况下上涨,硬着陆模式下通常有更优表现。

因此,降息从历史规律上来看,很难成为比特币和加密市场上涨的根本动力。2024 年以来我们经历了比特币现货 ETF 和减半等事件,市场需要下一场宏大叙事或者基本面变革。

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