孙宇晨“入主”WBTC,百亿美元的比特币流动性基石会动摇吗?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-08-12Last updated on 2024-08-12

Abstract

WBTC本就是中心化产物,托管权归属才是关键。

原创|Odaily星球日报(@OdailyChina

作者|Wenser(@wenser2010

孙宇晨“入主”WBTC,百亿美元的比特币流动性基石会动摇吗?

近日,WBTC 项目官方托管人 BitGo 发文“将与 Bit Global 建立独家合作伙伴关系和合资企业,其 WBTC 业务将转变为全球首个跨司法管辖区和跨机构托管业务”,后者是一家由孙宇晨和 Tron 生态系统支持的全球托管平台。

因 WBTC 在 DeFi 领域扮演的重要“桥梁”角色(据 WBTC 官网信息显示,目前以太坊链上 WBTC 托管数量超 154, 738 枚,资产总额超 90 亿美元),消息既出,业界纷纷予以高度关注。

Odaily星球日报将于本文对 WBTC 及近期变动进行简要介绍及评述,透视其对比特币及以太坊价格等方面的影响,并就“中心化风险”和连锁反应展开解读。

WBTC 的诞生:嫁接起比特币与以太坊的“关键桥梁”

对于很多日常仅活跃在以太坊网络的加密玩家们来说,与 WETH(Wrapped Ether,即封装的 ETH)相比,WBTC(Wrapped BTC)或许是个相对陌生的字眼。但对于资深 DeFi 玩家来说,WBTC 是曾经为 DeFi 领域的诸多 Dapp 带来流动性的重要“工具”和“桥梁”。

流动性问题新解法:将比特币引入以太坊

早在 2018 年,BitGo CTO Benedict Chen 就曾发文对 WBTC 进行了简要说明,在开篇他强调道:

WBTC 旨在将比特币作为 ERC20 代币引入以太坊网络。该代币将为以太坊广泛的去中心化应用生态系统带来比特币的稳定性和价值。

借此,WBTC 用户将能够在各种新的去中心化用例(Dapps)中使用比特币,用于包括在去中心化交易所 (DEX) 上作为稳定币或借贷抵押品在内的以太坊生态系统的支付和兼具灵活性的智能合约。

2019 年,在 BitGo、Kyber Network 和 Ren 三家机构的倡导下,包括Kyber NetworkRepublic ProtocolMakerDAODharmaAirswapIDEXCompoundDDEXHydro ProtocolSet ProtocolPryctoRadarRelayGnosis 在内的众多去中心化项目开始对 WBTC 提供对应支持,以此实现了 WBTC“以完全储备证明的方式首次对比特币实现代币化”,并“以 1: 1 的比例与比特币挂钩”。后续,AAVE、Uniswap、0x、Coinlist 等明星项目也加入了这一“共同体”。

孙宇晨“入主”WBTC,百亿美元的比特币流动性基石会动摇吗?

WBTC 官网支持项目界面

可以说,WBTC 为用户和 DEX、ERC20 钱包或其他 DApp 提供了极大的方便——在不需要单独运行比特币节点的同时,比特币市场相关的流动性被带到了以太坊链上,大大缩短了交易时间和交易路径。

早有先例的新尝试:黄金代币化之后的又一进展

2017 年,BitGo 就与英国皇家铸币厂和芝加哥商品交易所集团等行业合作伙伴合作创建了英国皇家铸币厂黄金 (RMG),实现了“黄金代币化处理”。而 WBTC 的落地,则实现了对“数字黄金”——比特币的代币化,可以说,这是一次已有成熟案例的“新尝试”。

同时,WBTC 也可以视为对诸多机构有着浓厚兴趣的“证券、商品和房地产等资产的代币化”的有力回应,甚至,一定程度上,为近年来的 RWA 提供了可资借鉴和参考的实际用例。

WBTC 的重要作用:减少比特币流通量,助推价格上涨

值得一提的是,在将 DeFi 与比特币市场连接起来的基础上,WBTC 的出现也意味着,除非持有者赎回,否则,作为 WBTC 抵押品持有的比特币基本上是处于托管状态(与长期持仓无异),这在一定程度上减少了比特币的流通数量,由此成为推动比特币价格上涨的积极因素。

此外,WBTC 项目官网提到的 Burning 环节也对 WBTC 供应量减少的可能进行了说明,且“只有 Merchant 地址可以执行销毁操作”。

孙宇晨“入主”WBTC,百亿美元的比特币流动性基石会动摇吗?

WBTC 官网介绍界面

WBTC 的崛起:DeFi Summer 与以太坊生态的繁荣

从用户、Dapp 以及以太坊整体生态来看,WBTC 都是一件“多方共赢”的事情,毕竟,流动性的增加以及灵活调取有利于市场的高效运转与稳定增长。但 WBTC 的发展也并非“一日之功”。

狂飙猛进的开始:DeFi Summer

2019 年 1 月,第一枚 WBTC 成功完成铸造。

2020 年 7 月,WBTC 日交易量突破 100 万美元。

2020 年 10 月,WBTC 的日交易量超 5000 万美元。

2020 年 10 月底,得益于 DeFi Summer 热潮中越来越多的“流动性挖矿项目”的出现,WBTC 市值突破 15 亿美元,成为以太坊网络第 6 大加密货币,仅次于 CRO、USDC、LINK、BNB 和 USDT,彼时,其市值跃居加密货币市场市值第 18 名。

2020 年 12 月,WBTC 数量超过 11.5 万枚,市值达到 25 亿美元,位居 DeFi 项目的首位。

2021 年 6 月,超过 60 亿美元的比特币在以太坊上被代币化为 WBTC,这意味着“(当时)比特币总流通供应量的 1% 已经被代币化为 WBTC”。

当然,资产份额的增长以及 WBTC 基于以太坊生态产生等原因,也为黑客攻击事件埋下了伏笔。

WBTC 失窃案:层出不穷的黑客攻击

2022 年,Inverse Finance遭遇闪电贷攻击,损失 53.2445 WBTC;

2023 年,Nirvana 遭到黑客攻击,后续攻击者分别将3.3 枚 WBTC 兑换为 48 枚 ETH2.9 枚 WBTC 兑换为 41 枚 ETH

2024 年, 5 月初,某巨鲸因钓鱼攻击产生恶意交易损失 1155 枚 WBTC,价值 6800 万美元;当月 15 日,Sonne Finance 攻击者将 59 枚 WBTC 兑换为 1, 185 枚 ETH 及 18.3 万枚 DAI。

不仅如此,此前 Balancer、Poly Network、Harmony 跨链桥、HopeLend、Nomad 跨链桥、Euler Finance、Orbit Chain 等平台的攻击事件中,WBTC 都是黑客“青睐”的代币之一。

Alameda Research:曾经的 WBTC 最大铸造者

WBTC 另一次引起广泛关注的事件,是 2022 年 11 月的“脱锚风波”——WBTC/BTC 在 11 月 23 日一度跌至 0.9276 , 11 月 24 日回升至 0.99 上方。当时,受 FTX 暴雷影响,已申请破产的 Alameda Research 是 WBTC 最大的铸造者,共计铸造 101746.1 枚 WBTC,销毁 29435.3 枚。Kyber Network CEO Victor Tran 于 11 月 25 日提出将 WBTC Big DAO 迁移到新的签名合约相关投票,投票人数由原来的 11/18 变更为 8/13 ,FTX 相关的 Blockfolio(FTX)地址将被删除。新的成员包括 B.Protocol、Badger、Balancer、BitGo、Chainlink、Compound、Gopax、Krystal、Kyber、Loopring、Multichain、Ren、Tom Bean。

后续因 Alameda 仅能铸造 WBTC 而不能托管 BTC,并未对 WBTC 产生系统性影响。而在 FTX 破产前夕,Alameda 某匿名代表曾申请赎回 3000 枚 WBTC,最终因不符合流程被 BitGo 拒绝。

WBTC 新变局:引入 Tron 生态及孙宇晨支持为哪般?

根据过往信息来看,BitGo 近日宣布引入 Tron 生态及孙宇晨支持并非“大脑一热”的举动,而是早有端倪。

资金游戏:收购与反收购

2022 年 11 月,消息人士称BitGo 正初步讨论以 12 亿美元的估值筹集新资金,且强调其没有对 FTX、Alameda 或 Three Arrows Capital 和 Celsius 等公司的风险敞口。此前,因未按时提供符合要求的财务报表,Galaxy Digital 于当年 4 月宣布终止对 BitGo 的收购;9 月,BitGo正式起诉Galaxy Digital,并向后者寻求 1 亿美元赔偿。

2023 年 6 月,特拉华州法院认定Galaxy 因“有效依据”终止收购 BitGo。当月,BitGo 先是宣布计划对受内华达州监管的加密托管公司 Prime Trust 进行收购,随后在当月下旬又决定终止此次收购。

不得不说,BitGo 的资金游戏或许在那时就已开始“酝酿变局”。

峰回路转:融资 1 亿,估值 17.5 亿

2023 年 8 月,BitGo 以 17.5 亿美元估值完成 1 亿美元融资,但关于具体投资方信息,BitGo 仅表示投资者来自美国和亚洲。而最近“BitGo将对 WBTC 进行多司法管辖区托管”的公告一出,大家才恍然大悟:原来彼时的投资人或许就包括孙宇晨。

而后续将与 BitGo 共同成立合资公司、成立于 2023 年 8 月 9 号的 Bit Global 正是与孙宇晨、Tron 生态系统有着千丝万缕关系的“战略合作伙伴”,BitGo 在新合资企业中则仅为少数股东。

有鉴于此,尽管孙宇晨表示“参与 WBTC 项目仅提供战略支持,不影响项目安全与去中心化核心”,但也无怪乎包括 Jupiter 联创 Meow、BODL 基金创始人刘峰以及 Maker DAO 风险管理团队 Block Analitica Labs 在内的业内人士及组织对 WBTC 的“中心化危机”提出质疑并做出反应了。

中心化隐忧:WBTC 恐引发连锁反应

Dune 数据显示,目前超 41% 的 WBTC 用于借贷生态,最大承兑商就是 MakerDAO(行业内最大的抵押借贷协议,链上管理资产近 50 亿美元,目前其已发起《减少 WBTC 担保品规模提案》,以应对托管权变更潜在风险),另外近 32% 的用于直接交易。

而由于很多 DeFi 项目受到 WBTC 流入影响,一旦 WBTC 再次发生脱锚,大量 DeFi 项目及 L2 生态都将处于风险之中,或许引发连锁反应。这也是 BitGo 此次动作引发多方反应的关键原因。

没有人想把自己的“身家性命”托管在一个可能引发“连环爆炸”的“火药桶”上。

不过,有人恐惧,就有人“贪婪”。此前 ETH/BTC 汇率坚定多头 James Fickel 就曾于 8 月 6 日至 9 日花费 1200 万枚 USDC 买进 211 枚 WBTC,均价 56824 美元,不知其现在作何感想,但 WBTC 的市场地位目前仍占主流。

结论:WBTC 本就是中心化产物,托管权归属才是关键

总结而言,BitGo 本身就是一个中心化托管商,WBTC 则是一种中心化合成资产,但得益于其自 2019 年以来为确保资产安全用于保护比特币的多重签名和冷存储技术及链上储备证明,市场和用户才相信“ WBTC 是一种可信资产”并将之利用于多个场景。

所以,尽管 BitGo CEO Mike Belshe 表示“Bit Global 有单独的客户资金保管团队,且不能贷出资金,不能随意处置资金”,并强调“在认证方面,wbtc.network 将继续运行。”但还是无法完全打消市场多个主体对“托管权归属”相关的疑虑。

而 WBTC 是否能够继续成为“以太坊与比特币之间的关键桥梁”,或许取决于 BitGo 下一步的“自证行动”。

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