经济学家视角剖析:特朗普的比特币策略真的可行还只是选举策略?

深潮Published on 2024-08-07Last updated on 2024-08-07

多数公民为少数公民买单?政府不可代表公民做出投资信托的行为。

撰文:Chloe,PANews

特朗普在 2024 比特币大会发表演说,表示美国要建立「国家比特币储备」用来抵销通胀,瞬间台下群众欢呼声雷动。「太久以来,美国政府违反了每个比特币持有者的重要原则,那就是永远不要卖掉比特币。」「而共和党的政策就是 100% 保留美国政府目前持有或取得的比特币。」

且在最近与直播主网红 Adin Ross 的访谈中,特朗普也警告现任政府不要出售美国的任何比特币持有。他认为如果美国在数字资产方面不创新,其他国家将会迎头赶上,并指出,美国最重要的地缘政治对手已经在加密货币和人工智能领域取得了重大进展。

不过美国媒体《Wired》所采访的经济学家则认为,特朗普储备比特币的计划其实没太大好处。「基本上我看不出任何经济益处,唯一实质的好处就是能让比特币狂粉投票给特朗普。」来自乔治城大学金融市场经济学家 James Angel 说道。

特朗普储备比特币要偿还美国债务基于两大假设

特朗普在与 Adin Ross 的访谈中大力称赞比特币产业的优点,与特朗普同为共和党成员的美国参议员 Cynthia Lummis 也在 7 月 31 日出炉名为「2024 比特币法案」的立法草案,其制定了一项比特币购买计划,也就是在 5 年内每年最多可购买 20 万枚比特币,总计为 100 万枚。

另外,这些比特币将被美国持有至少 20 年,且只能用于偿还美国债务。在此之后,任何两年内最多只能出售 10% 的资产。

在金融市场经济学家 James Angel 看来,特朗普主张要投资比特币来抵销通胀造成的民众购买力下降,是基于两个不确定的假设。一是不确定比特币会涨,二是不确定美国政府有无能力能够在不砸盘的情况下把比特币兑现换回美元。

「政府通过购买比特币将推高价格,所以看起来它赚了很多钱,但一旦它实际开始出售比特币来获利,就会将价格推回去,」Angel 说。虽然特朗普最初提议现任政府必须得暂停把已经拥有的比特币售出,但他也含糊地允诺美国会随着时间的推移增加其持仓数量。

且倘若特朗普要扩大比特币储备资金,他就必须找到其他资金来购买这些额外的比特币,但现成的选择,如增加税收、举债或印美钞,这些方法都与降低通货膨胀和国债的目标不符,也与特朗普的减税承诺不符。

Cynthia Lummis 的「2024 比特币法案」立法草案则提到,目前美国财政部持有大量黄金储备,这些黄金是以历史成本价计算而不是当前市场价格,该估值可能基于每盎司 42.22 美元的的法定价格,远低于当前市场价格。因此,若黄金证书的价值被更新以反映当前市场价格,将导致联邦储备资产负债表上的资产价值大幅增加。也就是说,如果可以将黄金储备的价值从每盎司 42.22 美元提高到接近当前市场价格(例如,约 2000 美元 / 盎司),将使联邦储备的资产负债表上的资产增加数兆美元,Lummis 则提议可以藉由这种新增的「帐面」价值作为购买比特币的资金来源。

「无论如何钱都必须从某处来,」Angel 表示。

即便特朗普打算只储备透过执法活动获得的比特币,他的政府也必须衡量储备比特币的机会成本,像债券之类的资产可以持续为持有者带来收入流,比特币则不会,所以持有成本高昂。

美国智库加图研究所(Cato Institute)的 George Selgin 认为,问题在于美国政府储备比特币能得到什么。美国政府从执法活动没收的比特币若选择不卖出,就这样囤着无法变现,根本无法得到任何利益,因为这些原先可变现获得的钱可以拿去做很多事,包刮消除联邦负债、资助其他政府计划等等。

多数公民为少数公民买单?政府不可代表公民做出投资信托的行为

George Selgin 是比特币的支持者,但他反对美国政府代表公民对比特币进行投机操作。他说,「不管是哪国政府都不是精明的投资人,更不用说政府代表公民做出某些投资信托或共同基金的计划根本不合理。」

资产管理公司 Simplify Michael Green 则表示,虽然建立比特币储备的雄心受到大量比特币持有者和行业高管的欢迎与支持,但可能会让多数人付出代价,特别是如果政府要扩大现有持仓的话。「美国政府购买比特币的唯一可能方式是从现有持有者那里购买,」Green 说。但如果政府使用税收或发行债券来购买比特币,就会造成纳税人补贴极少数人的情况,最终是让多数人为一小部分人的利益买单。

「这就像美国政府承诺在加利福尼亚州高价购买房地产,不公平地使加州房主受益一样,这本质上根本没有什么不同,」Green 说。

另外,政府的比特币仓位愈大,就愈依赖维持底层运作的挖矿公司。在不久的未来,挖矿产业就会变成另一个特殊利益团体,过度中心化让这个产业一旦出事,美国政府就不得不介入纾困。

而有关于比特币储备计划的相关批评,特朗普和 Lummis 都没有回应。 Angel 则认为,特朗普就算当选,也未必就会建立比特币战略储备。「特朗普是大师级煽动家,诉诸群众的情绪,这是单纯的选举操作而已,我想这个计划可能会跟特朗普航空、特朗普赌场、特朗普大学一样化为梦幻泡影。」

比特币支持者也知道特朗普在讨好该群体的选民

最后,比特币参与者其实也清楚地知道特朗普正在争取他们的支持。早期比特币支持者、加密货币托管业务 Casa 的创始人 Jameson Lopp 认为特朗普将比特币视为重要到足以成为竞选议题,这本身就是一个「历史性」的转变。

不过他也指出,「特朗普明显是在讨好我们,他的说话方式给人一种居高临下的感觉。」Lopp 还提到了特朗普立场的明显转变。他说:「尽管特朗普以前曾将比特币贬为『骗局』,但现在他显然意识到了它的政治价值。通过这种方式,他可以赢得一个相当大的、以比特币为核心关注点的选民群体。」

至于在经济上如何真正产生对美国公民有帮助的策略,就得等特朗普再次当选总统才能揭晓了。

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