从Polymarket看预测市场的去中心化困境

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-06-07Last updated on 2024-06-07

Abstract

从此次事件中可以看出,在去中心化与中心化的交叉领域,去中心化产品尚未完全实现其去中心化的愿景。

原文作者:dt  

原文编译:Lisa

近日,随着 $ETH ETF 通过预期的升温,市场目光逐渐回归 EVM 生态,作为目前链上最大的预测市场,Polymarket 因 $ETH ETF 能否顺利通过而备受关注。正所谓树大招风,尽管 Polymarket 获得了巨大的流动性,其结算方式却遭到参与者质疑。让我们跟随 Dr.DODO,一探此次争议事件的始末。

Polymarket

首先先介绍下 Polymarket 协议,Polymarket 是基于 Polygon 公链的预测市场,由于其发布时间早且运营时间长,是目前链上最大的预测市场。该平台允许交易者使用 $USDC 或 $ETH 下注,预测当今世界上最热门和最具争议性的话题,从国家总统选举到次日 $ETH 价格是否会超过 4000 美元不等。Polymarket 通过流动性奖励计划吸引做市商,为交易者提供优良的交易深度。

Polymarket 曾进行过两轮公开融资。第一次是种子轮融资,筹集了四百万美元;第二次则是在 2024 年 5 月 14 日,由 Founder Fund 领投的四千五百万美元。对于一个 DApp 来说,这种规模的融资已相当可观。

从Polymarket看预测市场的去中心化困境

Source: polymarket.com

UMA

提到 Polymarket 就不得不提其背后的服务商 UMA,Polymarket 采用部署在 Polygon 上的 UMA 的 OP 预言机(Optimistic Oracle,简称 OO),以确保预测结果的公正性。

Polymarket 的 UMA 集成包括三部分:市场合约、CTF 适配器合约和 OO。每个市场在创建时都会包含一个由 CTF 适配器生成的条件,该条件即为 OO 需要回答的问题,例如“$ETH 的价格是否会在 2024 年第三季度超过 10000 美元?”

市场初始化时,CTF 适配器会自动向 OO 发送请求。UMA 系统中的提议者可以对此请求进行回应,如无争议,该回应会被视为正确,并在两个小时的挑战期后提交给 CTF 适配器。如果答案不正确,或 UMA 的其他参与者对此答案有异议,其他参与者可以作为争议者对该答复进行辩论。

首次异议时,CTF 适配器会忽略该异议并再次发送相同参数的请求给 OO。如果第二次请求再次被质疑,该请求将发送到 UMA 的 DVM 系统(OO 的仲裁者),仲裁者由 UMA 代币持有者组成,他们将投票决定异议结果。

从Polymarket看预测市场的去中心化困境

Source: https://github.com/Polymarket/uma-ctf-adapter? tab=readme-ov-file

ETF 通过与否的争议

异议点:

部分交易者认为 $ETH ETF 在 5 月 31 日前并未真正通过,一切都只是 UMA 决议者的推测。因为美国 ETF 需获得 19 b-4 申请和 S-1 申请的批准才能正式在交易所交易,目前 S-1 申请尚未通过,这意味着 $ETH ETF 是否能真正交易仍存变数。

时间线: 

  • 在美国证券交易委员会批准多只以太坊 ETF 的 19 b-4 申请后,UMA 提议者给出了 ETF 通过的结果。

  • 可能由于挑战期过短或 UMA 投票权过于集中,紧接的两个小时挑战期内并无投票方提出异议,因此该答复被采纳为最终结果。

  • 随后有异议者对该结果提出异议,请求被适配器再次发送给 OO,但 YES 结果再次以高达 99% 的票数压倒性通过。

对此,Polymarket 并未对此次事件作出官方回应。

从Polymarket看预测市场的去中心化困境

Source: https://polymarket.com/event/ethereum-etf-approved-by-may-31 

预测市场的早期与未来

在各大 L1 公链还未兴起的时代,预测市场的概念已然出现。

Augur

比如 2018 年第一次部署的 Augur,早期 v1,v2 因为架构过于冗杂,最后优化成了 2022 年正式发布的 Augur Turbo。与 Polymarket 不同的是,Augur 预测结果由 ChainLink 预言机的 TheRundown 数据提供商决定。相较 Polymarket 的 UMA 机制而言,结果裁决中心化程度更高,这可能也是后来为什么没有继续运营的原因,因为对比中心化预测市场,并没有很大的优势,毕竟目前中心化预测市场也十分乐意支持加密货币充值。

Azuro

最近一直盛传发币消息的 Azuro 则走的是另一条路,与传统预测市场 DApp 不同的是,Azuro 走向了更底层。它作为一个新兴的预测市场基础设施提供商,试图通过类似 Uniswap 的架构,方便其他项目快速集成预测功能,而不是自己专注做一个市场。然而,不可避免的是,只要预测的是现实事件,最终的预测结果判定仍来自不够去中心化的数据。Defillama 数据显示,Azuro 目前的 TVL(锁仓量)稳步增长,其收入在中小型 DApp 中亦不算低,目前也已经进行了总共一千一百万美元的大额融资。基础设施提供商必然会拥有覆盖面广和用户量大的优势,期待 Azuro 后续的发展。

从Polymarket看预测市场的去中心化困境

Source: https://azuro.org/#intro

以 Polymarket 为代表的新一代预测市场,多建立在 GAS 费用较低的一层或二层区块链上,相较早期项目,拥有天生的优势:不再因巨额 GAS 费用将小型交易者拒之门外。然而,诸如 Polymarket 的预测市场,距离实现项目愿景尚有很大差距。在当前区块链基础设施尚不完善的情况下,项目不得不在去中心化和效率之间做出权衡。尽管如此,从融资情况可窥见的是,投资机构对预测市场的前景或投机预期依然乐观。技术往往需要资本推动,所以我们还是期待这个赛道的未来发展。

笔者观点

我们不评价 Polymarket 在此次事件中的决定是否正确,但从此次事件中可以看出,在去中心化与中心化的交叉领域,去中心化产品尚未完全实现其去中心化的愿景。当遇到链下事件时,仍需中心化预言机的裁决,因而存在一定的中心化风险。项目方目前只能尽力做到相对公平的评定,或许延长市场结算时间是更好的处理方式。这也侧面反映出 Polymarket 的实际用户量较少,因此官方采取冷处理方式解决此次争议。

在解决预测结果来源可靠性之前,链上预测市场赛道的未来仍充满不确定性。早在很久之前我们就意识到区块链的“不可能三角”问题,这一问题在预测市场中同样存在。项目要进一步发展,必须解决预测结果的去中心化问题,这可能需要区块链底层乃至社会的重大变革或技术革新。

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