EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-04-12Last updated on 2024-04-12

Abstract

链上交互模式即将彻底变革。

原文作者：Mocaverse 顾问 cygaar

编译：Odaily 星球日报 Azuma

编者按：当地时间 4 月 12 日，以太坊核心开发者执行会议（ACDE）第 185 次会议召开，会议继续讨论了以太坊后续两次大版本升级（布拉格升级、大阪升级）的内容规划。本次会议中最重要的一项成果为，关于为普通地址添加智能合约功能的 EIP-3074 已被确定将纳入布拉格升级。

以下为 Mocaverse 顾问 cygaar 就 EIP-3074 的效用及意义所做的分析，内容由 Odaily 星球日报编译。

EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

EIP-3074 刚刚已获批，将在以太坊的下一次硬分叉升级（Pectra，即布拉格升级）中激活。 

该项 EIP 有望永久性地改变用户在 EVM 链上的互动方式，让钱包端的用户体验更加简洁、便宜、丰富。以下内容为对 EIP-3074 的简要概述，以及对它究竟将如何改变现有规则的剖析。

如果用一句话来概述 EIP-3074 的功能，那就是它将赋予普通的 EOA 地址（即我们最常用的钱包地址）智能合约的功能，包括批量交易、钱包资产恢复、费用（gas）资助、对单笔交易进行授权等等。

首先，让我们谈谈当前普通钱包所存在的问题。

@lightclients 曾就 EIP-3074 做过精采的分析，这里我就直接引用他们的 PPT 了。如下图所示，以下是当前普通钱包所面临的一些用户体验问题。

EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

  • 授权代币时一笔一笔进行交易；

  • 所有操作往往都会与交易一对一关联；

  • 没有针对丢失私钥的防护措施；

  • 没有 ETH 就无法执行交易……

上述问题都可以通过智能合约钱包来解决，但这会迫使用户进行地址迁移，从而带来糟糕的用户体验 ，且链上迁徙会消耗大量的成本。所以这并不是一个好方案。 

那么我们该如何给现有的普通地址赋予智能合约功能呢？

答案是通过增加 AUTH、AUTHCALL 等两个新的操作码（计算机指令）来实现新功能，这两个操作码将协同工作，允许智能合约替代普通地址执行具体操作。

以下为 AUTH 和 AUTHCALL 操作码工作机制的简要概述。

  • AUTH 负责接受用户的签名以及预期的行动，并验证签名是否正确。它还将设置一个变量，即表明发起交易的起始地址。

  • AUTHCALL 则负责调用目标合约，并让发起交易的起始地址替代调用者地址（即真正在调用目标合约的智能合约地址）作为调用源。

EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

以下为 EIP-3074 下的交易流程示意图。

  • 用户签署一条信息（链下操作，无需消耗 gas）；

  • 用户或费用资助方（帮助用户支付 gas 的地址）可将该信息作为交易发送至一个调用者地址；

  • 调用者地址使用 AUTH 和 AUTHCALL 来进行验证，并设置用户发起交易的起始地址作为调用源，继而调用目标合约。

EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

通过这一全新的交易流程，我们将激活一些全新的功能。 

比如第一项潜在的新功能便是可以实现“费用资助”，假设用户的钱包里没有任何 ETH，EIP-3074 之后各大应用也可以帮助用户垫付 gas，从而无需用户自己再去购买或桥接 ETH。这项功能对于以太坊朝着消费端实现大规模普及而言非常重要。

EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

第二项潜在的新功能是在一笔交易中执行多项操作。当前，用户在 Uniswap 上某个交易某个全新代币时，必须先行授权 Uniswap 使用该代币，然后才能真正地进行交易。这个体验也很糟糕，有了 EIP-3074 之后，两项操作可以通过一笔交易直接完成。

EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

第三项潜在的新功能是资产恢复。通过 EIP-3074 ，用户可以设置一个特殊的调用者合约，如果出现了私钥丢失情况，用户还可以使用经验证的社交媒体信息来恢复资产 —— 如果满足恢复条件，则可以向调用者合约提交签名，从原地址中转移资产。

不过，除了这些显著优势之外，EIP-3074 的出现也会造成一些新的风险点。最大的风险点来源于调用合约 —— 它必须经过全面审计、不可升级且无需信任，否则用户的资金很容易被盗。此外，一些现有的重入检查可能也无法适用于 EIP-3074 。

EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

由于 3074 增加了两个新操作码，因此需要进行硬分叉升级才能添加此项更新。这是 EIP-3074 被推迟至今的的部分原因，也是 ERC-4337 （关于账户抽象的资产标准）首先被采用的原因。ERC-4337 并不需要硬分叉，因为它纯粹是智能合约以及链下系统层面的变更。

这是由 Tim Beiko 整理的 ACDE#185 的内容摘要，可以从下图看到，EIP-3074 现在被正式纳入 Pectra 硬分叉升级的范畴之内。

EIP-3074确定纳入布拉格升级，以太坊的下一步是什么？

非常感谢 @lightclients 对于该项工作的贡献，他也是 EIP-3074 的原作者之一，多年来 @lightclients 一直致力于推动该 EIP 的落地。

如果你想进一步了解 EIP-3074 的内容，可以通过以下资料入手。

EIP-3074 正式提案内容：https://d1x7dwosqaosdj.cloudfront.net/images/2024-04-12/ed4404fdf46eb4366a30640b5b205371

@lightclients 的视频解析：https://d1x7dwosqaosdj.cloudfront.net/images/2024-04-12/57cae53882d5827bca50ee2247f32fc0

总而言之，EIP-3074 有望显著改变当前的链上交互模式。EVM 环境将迎来两个全新的操作码，它们几乎可以让普通地址作为智能合约运行。展望未来，开发者们如何利用这一模式转变将是一件非常令人兴奋的事情。

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