Vitalik香港Web3嘉年华演讲:追求密码学的极限

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-04-09Last updated on 2024-04-09

Abstract

我们真的需要开始考虑什么是上限,以及我们如何才能真正达到上限

2024 香港 Web3 嘉年华期间,以太坊联合创始人 Vitalik Buterin 在由 DRK Lab 主办的“Web3 学者峰会 2024 ”上发表主旨演讲《Reaching the Limits of Protocol Design》。

他介绍到, 2010 年代,基于基本密码学的协议是哈希、签名。随后,协议发展迅速。2020 年代,基于高级密码学的协议有 ZK-SNARKS、 2 PC、MPC、FHE(完全同态加密)、聚合(包括通过 IVC、ICD 等方式),还有高级P2P网络。

Vitalik 表示,当前 ZK-SNARKs、MPC、FHE 等技术存在效率与安全问题,其中,以太坊 Slot 出块时间为 12 秒,“普通”区块验证时间约为 400 毫秒,ZK-SNARK 证明时间约为 20 分钟,以太坊的目标是实现实时证明。其中效率问题有几个解决方法,包括并行化(Parallelization),聚合树(aggregation trees)、提升效率(用 SNARK 算法和哈希),以及 ASIC 加速硬件解决。

Vitalik香港Web3嘉年华演讲:追求密码学的极限

而 ZK-SNARKs 电路漏洞问题可由安全委员会、多证明机制(multi-provers)来解决。未来, AI 可以进行帮助 debug,进一步及进行解决。

“我认为一个有趣的未来方向是使用人工智能工具,潜在地使用新工具进行形式验证。比如证明 zkEVM 中没有漏洞。”他说,”也许我们将来可能真的能够实现一个没有 bug 的世界。这有点疯狂。”

此外,在谈到签名聚合效率时,Vitalik Buterin 指出当前情况是每个时隙约有 30000 个签名,这需要高节点需求。期望目标是尽可能支持更多的验证者,同时降低节点需求,采用相对简单的协议。而根据理论限制,每个参与者每个时隙需要 1 bit 的数据,计算方面没有下限限制。

“所以结论是,基本上,我们需要考虑的是我们需要协议来达到你能用密码学做的极限,我们已经到了这样的地步,我们的密码学比几十年前强大得多,但它可以更强大,在这一点上,我认为我们真的需要开始考虑什么是上限,以及我们如何才能真正达到上限。”Vitalik 在结尾时说。

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