技术解析API3:预言机黑马,Chainlink杀手?

PanewsPublished on 2024-06-26Last updated on 2024-06-26

Abstract

最近,市场又出现 @API3DAO 杀死Chainlink的声音,API3到底做啥的? OEV Network真的会重溯MEV预言机市场?接下来,基于科普+商业竞争视角,谈谈我的理解。

提及预言机赛道,大家想当然会以@chainlink马首是瞻,但随着新性能公链的崛起,各类新模块轻量化项目的涌现,预言机赛道也开始内卷起来了。
最近,市场又出现@API3DAO杀死Chainlink的声音,API3到底做啥的?OEV Network真的会重溯MEV预言机市场?接下来,基于科普+商业竞争视角,谈谈我的理解。
-如何理解API3的First-party Oracle?
通常Chainlink这类预言机服务都由数据源(交易所),数据采集节点(API服务商),数据处理中心(预言机链),最终用户(智能合约项目方)等构成。
相当于构建了一个从数据源到区块链应用的桥梁,预言机节点多管道并发采集不同渠道的数据,预言机网络则来协调处理、验证并聚合这些数据,以减少误差,最终再喂价给终端智能合约需求方。
目前个预言机工作流程中有两个关键点:
1)API数据采集节点越多,采集的数据源越丰富、准确且足够去中心化,但API节点干的是苦行僧的活,只能机械地采集数据进行“挖矿”;
2)预言机网络接入的智能合约项目方越多,预言机价格处理就会趋向“中心化”,对数据的干预越大,终端客户的信任成本就越高。
本质上,预言机网络充当了第三方中介平台的角色,所以 API服务节点的作用和发挥空间会相对有限,而预言机平台本身越权威反倒会陷入“中心化”的质疑漩涡中,这几乎是一对不可调和的矛盾。
@API3DAO提出的第一方预言机,其实就是去掉了预言机平台“预处理”的中间环节,直接连接数据源和项目方。
对API节点而言,实现了当家做主人的角色升级,能在采集数据之上进行运营和精细化开发,增强API节点的服务能力,可以采集更多定制化的数据源并服务好特殊需求的项目方;
对终端项目方而言,能够以更低的成本直接和API节点进行合作,更灵活地进行特殊的数据需求定制和开发,进而为其创新性的应用产品提供必要的预言机支撑。
-API3选择了分散、灵活的预言机长尾市场
不难看出,API3切入的正是一个更加分散、灵活的预言机Oracle长尾市场,以激活API服务节点的综合运维服务能力为切入点,用更加web3 Native(轻量化+模块化)的方式来搭建预言机需求方和供应方的桥梁。如何做到呢?
API3主要包含两个核心组件:
1)Airnode 为API节点服务商提供一套从搭建预言机节点到连接项目方的基础infra,让API节点可以较低成本且轻量化的方式部署预言机服务,过简化的配置和管理流程,让原本不熟悉区块链技术的API提供者也能轻松成为预言机节点运营方;
2)dAPI相当于一个去中心化的DAO组织,API节点使用签名不断从数据源采集并更新数据,而数据需求方智能合约则可以安全、透明的调用数据,并按需付费,整个dAPI的管理运维由去中心化的DAO组织提供,通过Staking 和Slash的奖惩机制来透明化安全治理;
总的来说,API3试图用轻量化的基础infra服务和DAO Staking奖惩机制来构建一个去中间链的预言机市场。而成熟的Chainlink,有超级拥趸的客户群体,有稳定的价格预处理方式,也已经是无法撼动的存在。
API3商业战略思考和Celestia掀起DA War不断抢夺以太坊的layer2 市场一样,毕竟Chainlink不可能服务全部的智能合约客户,毕竟总有一部分轻量化客户更注重成本和性价比,毕竟总有客户需要更及时且定制化的数据源服务,毕竟总有API节点想探索更全面丰富的业务方式等等。
与其说API3是要做Chainlink杀手,倒不如认为API3要做Chainlink的有力补充,共同分割市场。
至于终端客户更青睐稳定成熟的Chainlink服务,还是更倾向成本低且灵活的API3服务,选择权完全在于市场。在我看来,短期看想威胁chainlink很难,但长期看结合愈发趋于模块化的区块链应用市场,API3的选择也大有看头。
-OEV Network是对MEV的升维魔改?
最近API3基于Polygon CDK构建了一条layer2公链OEV Network,如何理解该公链的应用场景呢?众多API节点拥有Update数据的权限,在DeFi场景下,若智能合约触发某个价格点,清算人可以选择购入用户质押的资产,从而待价格稳定后获得套利价值。
正常情况下,清算人其实就是API节点服务商,毕竟他们有权限更新智能合约协议价格,在OEV Network的治理模式出来之前,这个清算行为可能是混乱的,API节点可能会为了获得清算权而抢先更新数据,多个API节点为了强夺清算权,可能会加剧市场价格的“波动”,原本客观数据的供应方变成了可能扰乱正常市场秩序的套利者,显然变味了。
但这其实也没办法遏制,让API节点直接连接智能合约项目方就是为了减少平台干预而增进市场化运作,针对市场在套利上的内卷和混乱,没有任何第三方能够有效干预,只能通过治理机制来约束。
OEV Network相当于一套规治理机制,规定了当dApps用户的仓位临近清算时,可以参与dAPI3网络的拍卖,出价最高者获得下一次预言机数据的Update权,从而获得清算的MEV利润。
为啥我说是对MEV的升维魔改呢?原本1.0版本的MEV其实是市场化自然存在的,API节点和智能合约协作的过程中,势必会存在一些行情波动清算的情况,默认都是由监测到清算点的API节点抢先争夺蛋糕。
这种情况下,市场会衍生出一条类MEV-Boost的管道专门处理各类MEV清算需求,也就使得一部分API节点会以套利为主要诉求点,这样显然背离了dAPI开放市场服务好终端客户的初衷。怎么办呢?
2.0版本的MEV索性把MEV的存在透明化,既然MEV机会始终存在,那么干脆就明牌,有了MEV套利机会,API节点服务方就竞拍参与清算,而竞拍收入,OEV Network则会把利润分给dApps协议的用户,相当于原本从用户身上攫取到的价值,现在又返还给了用户。
这其实是打开了MEV市场的商业格局,原先的MEV是服务小众套利者的,现在MEV则成了大众普惠的契机点。
以上。
其实不止API3尝试以此升维方式为MEV正名,正在酝酿中Flashbot 2.0也在尝试讲述类似的故事,毕竟MEV的存在有损链上用户的公平权益,把服务小众获利转变成惠及大众的商业格局,着实能打开一片新天地。
Note:预言机赛道战略卡位着实太重要了,#Link#Pyth#API3#Band等等,虽然Chainlink垄断了一大部分市场,但预言机赛道的纷争一直都在,而且必定会有黑马跑出,值得长期关注。

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