以太坊基金会第11次AMA要点:未来的扩展性方案、全局通用流动性可组合性、并行EVM、DA角色危机、再质押、AI、隐私

吴说Published on 2024-01-26Last updated on 2024-01-26

Abstract

1 月 8 日,以太坊基金会研究团队在 reddit 论坛进行了第 11 次 AMA,社区成员可以在帖子中留言提问,研究团队成员将进行解答。吴说对本次 AMA 中涉及的相关疑问/技术要点进行摘要编译如下:

1 月 8 日,以太坊基金会研究团队在 reddit 论坛进行了第 11 次 AMA,社区成员可以在帖子中留言提问,研究团队成员将进行解答。吴说对本次 AMA 中涉及的相关疑问/技术要点进行摘要编译如下:

1. EIP-4844 或许能让 L2s 的 TPS 达到约 440,如果要达到 VISA 这类约 2000 TPS 的扩展规模目标,除了遥远的 danksharding, 有什么技术可选方案?

EIP-4844 的确只是提供数据发布(以前称为数据可用性)的第一步。事实上,就其本身而言,它只是经济地分离数据发布而不是扩展它——但它确实引入了必要的加密技术来允许完全扩展。目前,我们确实有一些令人兴奋的研究,可以尽快实现一定规模的扩展,如 PeerDAS,一种利用主网 P2P 组件实现更简易甚至更高效的 DAS 方案。PeerDAS 可能能够扩展到每块 32 blob,这是当前数量的 10 倍,将介于4844和完全 danksharding 之间。扩展以太坊的数据容量绝对是我们在 2024 & 2025 年最重要的事情。

Vitalik 也简单地列出了两点:

● Plasma

● 更好的数据压缩方法

也有开发者表示可以通过 “减少交易的数据消耗” 来实现,如合约再设计、状态差分、批处理压缩。

2. 以太坊将如何解决 L2 上的流动性碎片化和可组合性问题?

通过实现两个要素,就可以重新获得通用同步可组合性:

● 共享排序器(shared sequencing):共享排序器意味着,在任何给定的 Slot,多个rollup选择共享相同的排序器。换句话说,在任何给定的时间,都存在一个定义良好的实体,该实体具有垄断权力,可以跨 Rollup同时对交易进行排序。对应的项目有 Espresso、based rollup、Taiko 等。

● 实时证明(real-time proving):实时证明意味着可以实时证明(使用SNARK)交易执行是有效的。实时验证解锁实时结算,即时处理累计存款和取款,甚至在一个 Slot 内多次处理。

对此,Vitalik 个人表示很喜欢 UniswapX 的设计:我们需要通过免许可的开放协议来完成跨 L2 传输,而不是使用自己的代币和链上治理等专有的“桥”。

3. 最被低估的、希望看到能得到更多的投资和开发的应用或用例是什么?

零费率的每周彩票、带隐私增强的用户体验友好的钱包(AA 钱包、可选的签名算法和签名方式、带隐私地址等)。

4. 有没有计划在以太坊的 EVM 上实现类似于 Monad 的并行执行?如果不是,并行化 EVM 的缺点是什么?

像 Arbitrum 和 Optimism 这些现有 L2 可能已经致力于加速 EVM 执行一段时间了,曾劝说 Monad 作为以太坊的 Rollup。

5. 现在我们可以安全地提高 Gas 到多少?Verkle 之后呢?

Gas Limit 已经近三年没有增加,如今适度提高 Gas 限制是合理的。Gas Limit 可以增加至约 4000 万。当前 Gas 限制为 3000 万。(Vitalik)

Verkle 允许“无状态验证器”,即验证者要求 Builder 生成一个块,并将其作为一个自包含的单元在 RAM 中进行验证,而不使用 DB。因此,从这个角度来看,只要“Solana式”的区块生产者能够及时访问数据,或者他们能够足够快地从门户网络获得数据,增加 Gas Limit 就不是什么问题。

然而,这意味着区块将变得更大,因此在增加 Gas Limit 时必须考虑带宽。

6. 以太坊需要的安全预算是多少?是怎么得到这个数字的?

安全预算: 共识参与者(质押者或矿工)在一段时间内获得的收入,通常为一年。

经济安全: 共识参与者为保护区块链而投入的资产价值,由安全预算激励。

我认为安全预算应足够大,以便有四分之一的 ETH 被质押。这是因为它是 2 的幂,避免争论。以太坊的哲学是采用“最小可行发行”以实现这一目标。

为避免过高支付经济安全的费用,可能采用质押上限的潜在升级,随着总质押接近上限,将降低发行量。

7. 你如何看待 EigenLayer 的再质押风险?

对 Ethereum 的风险是大规模的 EigenLayer 罚没事件,但如果罚没是合法的,那么 Ethereum 协议将自我修复:由于质押价值减少,奖励增加将吸引新的质押验证者。对于非法的罚没,例如智能合约风险,EigenLayer 计划设置防护措施(根据您对更受信任的方法,如委员会,喜好/反感的程度而有所不同)。

8. 如果大多数 L2 不再选择以太坊作为 DA,会有什么影响?

在我看来,数据共享安全具有很强的网络效应。如果 rollup 停止使用以太坊作为 DA,这将表明以太坊已经在结算游戏中输给了一些竞争对手。以太坊将失去手续费收入,货币溢价将减少,经济安全和经济带宽将萎缩,我预测它会缓慢但肯定会死亡。

9. 以太坊基金会的研究团队结构是怎样的?是否有团队负责特定的风险(例如重质押或流动性质押中心化问题)?有多少研究人员?

拥有很多团队,研究主题非常多样化,许多团队可能对同一个主题感兴趣,您将看到来自许多团队的关于 LST 或再质押的讨论,因此更多的是关于默认范围是什么以及每个团队的方法是什么。我们总共有 35 个人。

10. AI 与区块链有什么交集?

● 加密数字货币可以作为 AI 货币

● 安全性:在识别漏洞方面,人工智能将比人类好得多

● 反之,区块链作为基础设施,通过可信的承诺保证 AI 的安全和合作,以及将 AI 引入链上(如 MEV)

11. 如果以太坊沿着目前的道路走下去,你认为在 20 年内还需要其他区块链吗?

Rollup 就是其他区块链,但通常情况下,我还是相信需要其他链的,因为我相信异构性,以太坊是一个模型,但不是唯一的模型,还有许多其他方法来构建一个对各种用例有意义的区块链,我希望它们的设计选择也得到验证。

12. 隐私是否有可能在未来退居次要地位,让位于其他更紧迫的问题,比如可扩展性?

我预计像 Railway 这样的解决方案最终将在现有 L2s之 上可用。在这一点上,它还没有被 enshrined,甚至没有标准化,因为我们甚至还没有确定主要方向,有十多种方法,包括(i)使用哪种 ZK-SNARK 方案,(ii)如何做隐私池,(iii)构建哪种 UTXO 系统,(iv)复杂性和功能性之间的权衡。(Vitalik)

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