从世界上第一个NFT谈起,NFT是怎么火到今天的?

火币资讯Published on 2022-02-22Last updated on 2022-03-03

Abstract

NFT是数字化的收藏品,是虚拟与现实相融合的产物,相比于其他基于区块链技术的应用,NFT与现实的结合更为紧密,图片也比文字或者代码更有感染力,便于普通人理解。

2021年NFT交易规模达到140亿美元,这个数字是什么概念呢?这么说吧,我们来对比一下,三大头部拍行佳士得、苏富比和富艺斯拍卖的总销售额为126亿美元。

也就是说,NFT交易规模比这三家拍卖巨头总销售额还多。

那么,NFT是怎么走到今天的呢?

下面本文将从以下四个点来讲NFT的历史,第一点是“世界上第一个NFT”,第二点是“NFT的发展”,第三点是“NFT为什么会火”,第四点是“NFT的价值从哪里来”。

首先我们来看第一点,世界上第一个NFT是什么时候,以什么契机出现的呢?

其实NFT出现的确切历史有点模糊,这个概念最初是通过彩色硬币引入的。

打个比方,跟不可替代的NFT相比,我们手上的一块钱硬币都是可以替代的,与其他一块钱硬币完全一样,但如果我把我的一块钱硬币涂上颜色,那它就会变成一个有些独特的硬币。

有人提出,将比特币“着色”为各种不同类型的资产,比如公司股票、优惠券,甚至收藏品等等。当时认为会为比特币技术创造一个新的用例,不过这个想法并没有成功。虽然彩色币在设计上仍然存在着很多缺陷,但还是奠定了 NFT 的发展基础。

然后让我们一起来看看NFT在这之后的发展。

彩色币的诞生让很多人意识到了将资产发行到区块链上的巨大潜力。2014年,点对点的金融平台 Counterparty开始创立,而真正推动 NFT 的出现的就是在这个金融平台上创建的「Rare Pepes」,这个应用将热门悲伤蛙表情包做成了NFT。这就是早期的NFT的形态。

2017年 6 月CryptoPunks

世界上第一个NFT项目CryptoPunks诞生了,它开创性地将图像作为加密资产带入到了加密货币领域里,也带给了很多从业者新的启发。

2017年 10 月:CryptoKitties

加密猫游戏CryptoKitties,这个是应该是第一个爆火的NFT,当时炒到了天价。CryptoKitties的兴起恰逢2017年的牛市,用户可以通过两种猫(可以扮演公和母角色,但一个时间段只能或公或母)来生育新的猫,新的猫也是全新独一无二的猫,且带有遗传特征的猫。

加密猫游戏有100只“创世猫”,每15分钟就有一个新的“Gen 0”的0代猫诞生,它的售卖价格相当于最新售卖出去的5只猫均价的基础上再增加50%,但如果没有人购买,售价会开始下降,直到被人购买。所以猫的价格也是根据市场进行动态调整。

CryptoKitties 迅速走红,并成为市场的主流。其中最贵的一只猫叫Dragon,它的售价曾高达600 ETH,按当时的价格折算约为17万美元,600个ETH,现在得价值280多万美元了。

要知道,2017年以太坊是从不到10美元到10月份涨到了300美元,投入大量还在不断升值的以太坊来买卖虚拟的猫,可以说是非常奢侈了。

连百度都跟风出了一个莱次狗的类似项目,用户可以获得加密狗,还可以杂交,产出的新加密狗会随机集成父母辈的长相特征,分为卓越、普通、史诗不同的品级。

之后到了2018-2019年 :NFT市场大规模增长,出现了像OpenSea 和 SuperRare这样的大型交易平台,直到今天这两家也是行业内非常有影响力的。2018年6月,OpenSea的交易量只有598美元,但是OpenSea上个月的交易额超34.8亿美元,是当初的580万倍,这才不到4年,NFT的发展从OpenSea的交易额暴涨上可见一斑。

到了2020 年,出现了一个出圈事件:数字艺术家 Beeple 从 2007 年开始每天作图一张,最终把 5000 张图片拼接成一个 316 MB的 JPG 文件,并将其作为 NFT 出售。这个耗时 14 年创作的作品《Everydays: The First 5000 Days》,最终以 6934 万美元的价格佳士得上卖出,各大媒体争相报导,为NFT带来了大量曝光。

2020 年是NFT爆发的一年,Beeple 创纪录拍卖后,各个国家各个领域的大V还有明星,以各路球星为代表,甚至历史悠久的著名博物馆比如俄罗斯的冬宫,还有一些奢侈品品牌,还有的歌星林俊杰周杰伦等,这些大众耳熟能详的人都通过各种 NFT平台发布了NFT,再一次将NFT推向大众视野。

从2021年2月开始, NFT开始爆炸式增长,NFT市场比传统的资产转移方法更有效、更具流动性。尤其是进入7月份以后,市场进入爆发式增长,截至年底NFT的持有者数量为135.6万,相较年初翻了7倍,其中持有NFT价值超过100万美元的巨鲸地址达到826个。

当前已逐步形成NFT的交易市场,而交易量主要集中在头部项目和头部平台,NBATopShot、CryptoPunks及今年火起来的PhantaBear等项目占据了绝大部分的NFT交易量,而OpenSea在NFT平台市场也是独占大头。

这种情况在数字艺术作品NFT中更为明显,头部艺术品和艺术家占据了绝大部分的成交额,更多的作品NFT则是低价售卖且无人问津。也许未来小众艺术家和艺术品也能更多地占有一席之地,这样整个市场才能形成良性发展,数字艺术应该是多元化的,不应该被完全垄断。

NFT这么火爆,哪些因素让NFT火起来的?

首先是新冠疫情,使人们在现实世界中的接触和碰撞减少。人们开始更加习惯和开始融入数字虚拟空间,这可能是推动NFT甚至元宇宙在近两年热度攀升的一个外在因素。

第二点,加密货币的牛市也带动了NFT的行情。

比特币的价格从2021年初的2万多美元,到4月份涨到6万美元上方,为整个加密市场带来了大量流量和话题度。

第三点,2020年DeFi的爆发让NFT的流动性和可交易性大大提升。

由于唯一性和不可互换性,NFT代币以往在二级市场上的交易流通性极差,但随着2020年DeFi生态的快速发展,NFT + DeFi的融合成为市场关注的焦点。

第四点也是非常重要的一点,就是NFT所带来的社交属性。

名人效应带来为NFT带来大量曝光,在社交平台展示NFT成为一种潮流。NFT在2021年伴随着以太坊的牛市大火,当时NBA的球星和一些kol以及一些传统艺术家开始尝试NFT的方式拍卖自己的作品,这样才慢慢引起市场主流人群的注意的,尤其是当后面一些项目得到市场认可后,巨大的财富效应以及层出不穷社交媒体上的kol站台及知名品牌陆续推出NFT,NFT逐渐站稳脚跟并席卷市场。

使用同一系列的NFT可以带来归属感和身份认同感,让NFT社区充满活力。这不但是造成NFT爆火的原因,同时也赋予了NFT独一无二的社交价值。

还有哪些因素为NFT带来价值?

稀缺性

NFT是独一无二的或是限量的,甚至连创造者本人也无法复制。众所周知,“限量款”“饥饿营销”一直都是财富密码,人的本性就会想要拥有那些稀少的独特的珍贵的东西。

可追溯性

每个NFT都可追溯到其原始发行人,每笔交易都可核实,能100%保证商品的真实性,比起传统收藏品市场鱼目混珠,更能得到收藏者的信赖。

一个作品一旦被生成NFT,它就是唯一的,无法被复制拷贝,也就不存在盗版的情况。而且基于区块链技术的透明性,人们还可以随时验证NFT的真伪。

情感溢价

NFT 暴涨的价格与情感溢价有关,这一点可以将 NFT 商品与艺术品类比。一方面,交易者可能因为对于 NFT 商品的艺术品属性为其付出较高的价格并作为藏品收藏,另外很多 NFT 系列商品具有一些与现实联系的元素,这些元素(如颜色、数字等信息)也可能会让交易者产生某些情感共鸣,并对交易者产生额外的交易价值。

一些名人效应可能带动 NFT价格的增长:由于区块链资产的交易历史会被记录与公开,被名人持有过的 NFT 商品或者拥有名人信息的 NFT 商品可能会被粉丝以高价购买并珍藏。

风险

火爆的NFT处在风口,不可避免存在一些泡沫,一方面NFT 推进热度的持续能力仍然有待观察,另一方面NFT 存在合规风险。

对于新事物,国家政策的反应总是没那么快。不同国家与地区对于NFT交易未来可能会颁布限制政策,从而影响NFT的流通。

目前韩国金融监督局就宣布将加强对包括NFT的监控,不过也有持温和立场的政府,比如新加坡金融管理局(MAS)最近就表示目前没有计划对NFT领域进行监管,将对NFT采取技术中立的立场。

另一个风险在于,NFT缺少成熟估值体系,其价值难以确定,这可能造成NFT价格大幅波动,从而影响NFT的交易活跃程度。

结语

NFT是数字化的收藏品,是虚拟与现实相融合的产物,相比于其他基于区块链技术的应用,NFT与现实的结合更为紧密,图片也比文字或者代码更有感染力,便于普通人理解,更容易让圈外人接受并借此打开加密世界的大门。期待NFT的进一步发展。

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