我们距离比特币现货 ETF,到底还有多远?

web3caffPublished on 2023-10-18Last updated on 2023-10-19

Abstract

谜底最迟在明年 1 月初揭晓。

谜底最迟在明年 1 月初揭晓。
作者:秦晓峰
原创:Odaily 星球日报
封面:Photo by Shubham’s Web3 on Unsplash
周一晚,「SEC 批准比特币现货 ETF」的假新闻,让加密市场经历了一个虚幻且短暂的「牛市」。细究之下,这场骗局成功的关键因素是——在 ETF 决议的关键时间节点,利用信息偏差操纵市场。
实际上,根据最初的时间表, 10 月 16 日、 17 日是 SEC 对包括贝莱德、 Bitwise   以及 Invesco(景顺)等在内的 6 家公司旗下比特币现货 ETF 作出决议的截止日期。但在 9 月 27 日、 29 日,SEC 就曾发布文件,向后推迟了上述 ETF 决议时间。只不过由于市场消息传播的滞后性,加密市场投资者对 ETF 相关动向了解并不全面,这才被误导。
回到最初的问题,我们距离比特币现货 ETF 的问世,到底还有多远?对这个问题的回答,需要从两个维度:一是时间流程上,二是监管态度上。
(1)ETF  审批流程漫长,ARK & 21  Shares   成为风向标
从 ETF 流程来看,最长时间为 240 天,SEC 必须作出终极批示,究竟是同意还是拒绝。我们以目前进度最快的 ARK 21 Shares  Bitcoin  ETF 为例,复盘其申请过程,帮助各位读者理解。在整个申请中,出现了多个时间点,具体如下:

  • 2023 年 4 月 25 日,Cboe BZX Exchange 就上线和交易 ARK 21 Shares Bitcoin ETF 的股票向美国 SEC 进行备案(这是最初的备案时间,也是新一轮立项的开始),并提交了相应的规则变更。
  • 2023 年 5 月 15 日,进行规则变更后的 ARK 21 Shares Bitcoin ETF 在美国《联邦公报》上正式公布申请并征求意见,这标志着 ETF 审批程序正式启动,SEC 必须自当日起最长 240 天(180+ 60)作出决议。
  • 第一个审查期为 45 天,即 SEC 必须在 2023 年 6 月 29 日之前作出批示:同意、否定还是延期;最终,SEC 于 6 月 15 日批示,需要延期。而 ARK 21 Shares Bitcoin ETF 也在此后陆续了提交了拟议规则变更的三个修正案,以回应 SEC 的质疑。
  • 第二个审查期为 45 天,即 SEC 必须在 2023 年 8 月 13 日之前作出批示;最终,SEC 于 8 月 11 日决定继续延期。
  • 第三个审查期为 90 天,即 SEC 必须在 2023 年 11 月 11 日之前作出批示。9 月 27 日,SEC 发布公告再次延期 60 天(在 11 月 11 日的基础上),该 ETF 作出决议的截止日期推迟至 2024 年 1 月 10 日。 “委员会认为指定更长的期限来作出决定是适当的,以便有足够的时间考虑拟议的规则变更”。

其他几家大型资管公司的比特币现货 ETF,公告时间基本是 7 月 18 日或者 19 日,远远晚于 ARK & 21 Shares 的产品,并且也被 SEC 在 9 月 27 日以及 29 日的公告中进行延期(原定决议时间为 10 月 16 日~ 17 日)。Odaily 星球日报统计了各家 ETF 的决议时间节点情况,具体如下所示:

从上图可以看出,目前时间节点距离最近的 Global X Bitcoin Trust,为 2023 年 11 月 21 日,但预估大概率也会被延迟。毕竟其申请时间最晚,目前只进入到第二轮审查期,其他各家都已经进入第三轮,不太可能获得优先批准。更重要的时间节点是明年 1 月中旬左右,届时会有 8 个 ETF 等待决议。
需要着重说明的一点是,ARK 21 Shares Bitcoin ETF 的审批结果会成为一个风向标。
2024 年 1 月 10 日,是 ARK 21 Shares Bitcoin ETF 审批的最终时间节点。如果被拒,则  ARK 21 Shares 又要重走一遍流程,开启 240 天的漫长审查期,就像他们在 2022 年所经历的那样;更深的影响是,其他几家也无法幸免,基本可以提前宣告这一轮现货 ETF 申请基本阵亡——虽然后面几家 ETF 的最终决议时间是明年 3 月中旬。
当然,如果 ARK 21 Shares 成功被批准,则其他几家大概率也会被同时批准,SEC 不会允许某一家机构获得重要的先发优势。因此,投资者需要密切关注 2023 年年末至 2024 年年初 ARK 21 Shares 的动向。
(2)监管态度更加积极,好的征兆
流程上的等待其实是显性特征,背后更关键的因素是监管机构 SEC 的态度。如今,SEC 对待比特币现货 ETF 的态度不再消极。
一是对待各家 ETF 的申请上,不再像过去那样简单粗暴地直接推迟或者拒绝,而是会积极沟通对话,会给发行商发送了电子邮件提出疑问,要求他们进行解释或者条款规则更新。就拿 ARK 最新的更新来看,里面涉及到很多新的内容,比如关于资产净值计算的讨论、加密资产的托管问题等等。其他 SEC 关心的议题还包括,交易所欺诈问题、对比特币市场流动性和透明度的担忧等等。
这些问题很繁琐,但很重要,SEC 可能会就这些问题与发行商进行反复讨论——虽在一定程度上耽误审批进展,但无可避免。我们在短期内无法见到现货 ETF 的问世,但这种态度是非常积极的。
二是 SEC 对灰度不进行上诉。SEC 在与灰度的对决中,各有胜负,并且今年 8 月的法院判决也没有完全站在灰度一边判定 SEC 败诉;对于一贯强硬的 SEC 来说,这样的结果显然并不能接受,上诉似乎也是题中应有之义。但是,直到 10 月 14 日上诉截止日期,SEC 也没有采取任何行动。这种态度上的转变,也为接下来灰度 GBTC 转变为现货 ETF 的申请铺平了道路,同时也为更多比特币现货 ETF 的出现打开了大门。
促成上面转变的一个可能原因是,贝莱德、富达和景顺等一众传统资管巨头入场在政府监管方面发挥独特的作用,同时也让 SEC 减轻了对未来市场的担忧。
结束语
对于比特币现货 ETF 的落地,市场的预期也偏向乐观。
现货价格可能无法反映直接投资者对现货 ETF 的热情,但 GBTC 可以——其折价目前为 14.78% ,达到 2021 年 12 月末以来最低水平,并且持续收窄,这也意味着传统市场投资者对现货 ETF 预期的认可态度。
Ark  Invest 首席执行官 Cathie Wood(木头姐)表示,自己认为美国 SEC 批准比特币现货 ETF 的概率可能在上升。她预测,多个比特币 ETF 可能会在 2023 年底或 2024 年初获得批准,并预测 Ark Invest 有望首批获批,并且 “多个(公司的)比特币 ETF 可能会同时获得批准”。
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