默克尔树是CEX的解药吗?

MirrorPublished on 2023-10-17Last updated on 2023-10-17

Abstract

事实上,早在2014年,Crypto社区就对交易所如何向审计机构证明其储备展开了讨论。

一、 默克尔树的发展

事实上,早在2014年,Crypto社区就对交易所如何向审计机构证明其储备展开了讨论。

在2019年,市场开始研究更加细化的方案,而基于Merkle Tree的证明模式就是当下市场普遍认可的一种方案。

二、 默克尔树运行机制

所谓PoR(ProofofReserves,储备证明)是由第三方进行的独立审计的资产证明模式。第三方审计员将对所有的账户余额进行匿名快照,并将其聚合至MerkleTree中,并获得MerkleRoot。

审计员收集交易所生成的数字签名,这些签名通过可公开验证的余额来证明对链上地址的所有权。最后,审计师比较并验证这些余额是否超过或匹配Merkle Tree中显示的客户账户余额,来确定交易所是否持有足额的准备金。

MerkleTree的底层数据为每个账户持有的资产数据生成的Hash,之后MerkleTree再通过两个Hash生成一个新的Hash,以此类推,最终的Hash包含着交易所所拥有的资产总额。

该方案通过验证默克尔树树根的数据完整性,构成默克尔树的所有数据的完整性都可以被证明。

相应证明:

在引入默克尔树模型下的情况,每个用户的账号都是一个节点,账户的资金数额都是节点的数据。通过模型计算出的所有账户资产总额,即真实的CEX 总负债。

链上的总储备金确定后,叠加上总负债数据,两个数据相减即可确定证明平台的可靠性。

三、默克尔树的优势——透明

(1)透明化可以加强用户监管

默克尔树证明成为CEX的标配,这一项证明比起之前的CEX只有审计的监控,给予了用户吹哨的权利,进一步增强了整个行业的透明度。

(2)不暴露商业机密

机构若过于透明可能会一定程度上暴露商业机密,而这些矛盾不仅仅发生在CEX,Uniswap V3的代码延后公布也是因为不希望代码直接被Sushiswap直接抄袭。默克尔树只公布哈希的结果,可以保证CEX的商业机密不泄露。

另外,当前中心化交易所很多都推出了加密货币理财产品。在交易所没有滥用这些资产的前提下,可能部分用于量化交易,部分用于对冲风险,部分用在DeF,交易所难以保证100%的透明度。

四、V神提及零知识证明的改进

(一)另一种默克尔树

将所有用户的存款放入默克尔树中,这样可以在不透露单一客户余额的前提下证明整体账户的余额。

(二)通过Plasma和validium实现过程管控

Plasma 和validium的工作原理是将余额拆分为一组独立的“代币”,其中每个代币都被分配一个索引,并位于 Plasma 区块的默克尔树的特定位置。要进行有效的代币转移,需要将一笔交易放到根被发布到链上的树的正确位置。

五、结论

由于DEX的密钥无法寻回的特性,CEX在行业的生态位依然稳固。一旦CEX资产和负债的情况以及个人的账户可被有效追踪,CEX的便利性将重新为其赢回市场的信心。

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