华尔街日报:美国政府手中的 50 亿美元比特币从何而来?

MarsBitPublished on 2023-10-16Last updated on 2026-06-05

Abstract

山姆大叔仅从三起案件中就查获了逾 20 万枚比特币。

山姆大叔仅从三起案件中就查获了逾 20 万枚比特币。
撰文:Vicky Ge Huang
编译:Luffy,ForesightNews
美国政府是世界上最大的比特币持有者之一,但与其他加密货币鲸鱼不同的是,它并不关心加密货币价格的涨跌。

这是因为山姆大叔(美国的绰号和拟人化形象)从网络犯罪分子和暗网市场中查获了大约 20 万枚比特币。它主要在加密的存储设备(称为硬件钱包)中离线保存,这些设备由美国司法部、国税局或其他机构控制。
联邦政府如何处理比特币长期以来一直是加密货币交易者感兴趣的话题,因为任何出售行为都可能会影响比特币的价格,并波及规模 1 万亿美元的加密货币市场。

Source: CoinDesk
美国政府将其持有的比特币兑换成美元的速度一直是出了名的缓慢。它不是「HODLing」,它也不会等待比特币「to the moon」,以便通过出售其持有的比特币来获取巨额利润。相反,这巨额的比特币更多的是漫长法律程序的副产品,而不是战略规划。
「我们刻意不参与市场,我们基本上是根据流程的时间安排来确定出售计划,」美国国税局网络和取证服务部门执行主任 Jarod Koopman 表示,该部门负责监督所有针对网络犯罪的活动。
根据加密货币公司 21.co 对公开文件的分析,仅最近的三起查获事件就将超过 20 万枚比特币收入政府金库。分析显示,即使在出售约 20,000 枚比特币后,美国政府持有的比特币价值仍超过 50 亿美元,而政府的总储备规模可能要大得多。
从扣押非法比特币到收到将其清算为现金的最终命令,中间的法律程序可能需要数年时间。在某些情况下,这对政府有利,因为加密货币的价值大幅升值。
例如,2016 年,当加密货币交易所 Bitfinex 被 Ilya Lichtenstein 攻击时,比特币的市场价格约为 600 美元。而当 Lichtenstein 和他的妻子 Heather Morgan 于 2022 年被捕时(司法部在该案件中扣押了 95000 枚比特币),比特币的价格已攀升至 44000 美元。如今,它徘徊在 27,000 美元左右。

Heather Morgan 被捕
在去年备受瞩目的 FTX 交易所倒闭事件中,美国政府没有没收任何加密货币,但却接管了数亿美元的资产,其中大部分是现金和 Robinhood 股票。Robinhood 于 8 月从美国法警局回购了被扣押的股票。FTX 的加密资产是其破产财产的一部分,预计该公司最终将使用这笔资金来帮助填补 80 亿美元的客户资金缺口或重启交易所。
当政府机构控制加密资产时,山姆大叔并不会立即拥有该资产。只有在法院发布最终没收令后,政府才会取得所有权并将代币转移给美国法警局,这是负责清算被扣押资产的主要机构。
在案件悬而未决期间,政府持有比特币作为犯罪证据。 自 2013 年在线毒品市场丝绸之路关闭以来,司法部一直将查获的比特币存储在硬件钱包中。近年来,该机构查获了曾经属于丝绸之路创始人 Ross Ulbricht 的 69000 枚比特币,并从一名承认从丝绸之路盗窃资产的佐治亚州男子手中查获了 50676 枚比特币
卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学教授 Nicolas Christin 表示:「政府处理这些资产的行动通常非常缓慢,因为他们必须进行大量的尽职调查,案件往往很复杂,而且有很多繁文缛节。」
法警局的清算流程也在随着加密行业的发展而演变。在行业早期,该机构通过拍卖将加密货币直接出售给感兴趣的买家,其中许多买家获得了可观的利润。

司法部一直将查获的比特币存储在硬件钱包中
风险投资家 Tim Draper 通过投资加密货币赚得盆满钵满,他在 2014 年通过两次拍卖从政府购买了超过 30000 枚比特币。在一次拍卖中,他以 632 美元的价格买入比特币,当时比特币的市场价格为 618 美元。在比特币跌至约 180 美元后,他在另一次拍卖中通过每枚 191 美元的价格买入。高频交易公司 DRW 的加密部门 Cumberland 在同年的一次拍卖中买入了 27000 枚比特币。
2021 年 1 月,法警局首次决定清算其在加密货币交易所的部分加密货币库存。从历史上看,它是分批出售加密资产,而不是一次全部出售,以避免大额卖单对市场造成不利影响。根据目前的做法,该机构采取了额外的措施来避免市场受到不利影响,包括延长清算周期。
3 月份发生了一次这样的清算,当时政府通过 Coinbase 出售了 9861 枚比特币币库。法警局证实了这笔交易。
该机构的一名代表表示,「我们的目标是以公允市场价值及时处置资产。」
在许多情况下,政府出售的收益用于补偿受害者。Bitfinex 在 7 月份表示,它从国土安全部收到了超过 30 万美元的现金和 6.917 枚比特币现金(BCH),当时价值约 1900 美元。正在调查日益复杂的犯罪行为的政府机构也可以寻求帮助,以支付加密追踪软件许可费等费用。
「我们很难快速适应,」美国国税局的 Koopman 说,「加密货币领域在不到 10 年的时间里所发生的事情,几乎相当于金融业在 100 年的时间里发生的。」

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