加密克星在控制着行业的发展

Block unicornPublished on 2022-11-23Last updated on 2022-11-23

Abstract

SEC的主席Gary Gensler,正处于一场关于加密货币未来的清算中心。

SEC的主席Gary Gensler,正处于一场关于加密货币未来的清算中心。

今年3月,也就是SBF的加密货币帝国崩盘的八个月前,他加入了与Gary Gensler的视频通话。Gensler长期担任金融监管者,现任美国证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)主席。

会议进行得并不顺利,SBF是FTX交易所首席执行官,FTX的总部位于巴哈马,他希望获得sec的批准,在美国提供加密货币,而不必因违反证券规则而面临罚款的威胁。

SBF和FTX的员工以及证券交易所IEX的业务合作伙伴一起参加了电话会议,他们开始带领詹斯勒进行ppt演示。三名知情人士说,在大约第二张幻灯片的时候,Gensler把它截图下来,Gensler先生打断了他们,开始就他对加密货币监管的看法进行了大约45分钟的演讲,阻止了任何进一步的讨论。

现在,65岁的Gensler先生正与SBF再次对抗。本月,FTX在存款挤兑导致其欠下80亿美元后,以史诗般的方式崩盘了。美国证监会和司法部已经展开调查,重点是SBF是否非法将其客户的数十亿美元资金借给他拥有的对冲基金Alameda Research,该基金在FTX平台上进行了大量交易。

这对Gensler先生来说是一个熟悉的立场,自从他在2021年4月成为美国证监会主席以来,他已经对一系列加密货币公司和发起人的证券违规行为进行了罚款,处罚金额高达1亿美元。作为加密货币业内人士爱恨交加的人物,Gensler先生正在寻求将SEC确立为监管松散、自由散漫的行业的主要监督者,建立严格的护栏,将其置于更严格的政府监督之下。

行业游说组织加密创新委员会(Crypto Council for Innovation)的负责人希拉·沃伦(Sheila Warren)说:“ 人们喜欢克星,他指定了某一些监管部分,像是故意的 。”

但FTX的崩盘引发了人们对Gensler监管有效性的质疑,SBF进入了华盛顿的权力殿堂,尽管他经营着一家离岸公司,促进高风险交易,并动用客户账户为其他投资提供资金。据四名知情人士透露,在3月份,Gensler的员工与SBF会面后,一直保持联系,就建立一个完全受监管的交易所的可能架构进行了反复讨论。

11月10日,在众议院金融服务委员会(House Financial Services Committee)任职的明尼苏达州共和党众议员汤姆·埃默(Tom Emmer)在推特上提到Gensler:“ 我们办公室收到了报告称,他正在帮助SBF和FTX填补法律漏洞,我们正在调查这件事。”

Gensler拒绝回答有关他处理FTX的问题。不过,在他的领导下,证券交易委员会已经把加密作为一项优先事项,执法团队几乎增加了一倍,达到50人。今年2月,该机构对加密贷款公司BlockFi处以1亿美元的罚款,原因是注册失败,由于与FTX的关系,BlockFi本月暂停了业务。公开文件显示,该机构还在调查美国最大的加密货币交易所Coinbase选择提供哪种加密货币的过程。

上个月Gensler在SEC总部接受华盛顿采访说:“ 在这个领域长大的企业很多选择不合规运行,我们将会成为一个巡逻警察监督他们的行为。

Gensler的核心观点很简单:尽管加密货币具有各种新奇的属性,但大多数都是证券,就像股票或其他投资产品一样。这意味着发行加密货币的开发商必须在美国政府注册,并披露有关他们计划的信息。在Gensler看来,Coinbase和FTX等客户买卖数字货币的交易所也应该获得sec的许可,这将带来更多的法律审查和披露义务。

加密货币行业反对政府将数字资产归类为证券的努力,认为法律要求过于繁重。甚至在FTX破产之前,这场辩论就已经到了一个转折点:一名联邦法官预计将在未来几个月对SEC提起的一桩诉讼做出裁决,该诉讼指控加密货币发行人瑞波币(Ripple)提供未注册证券。政府的胜利将增强Gensler的实力,建立一个先例,可能为更多针对加密货币公司的诉讼铺平道路。

Gensler曾是高盛(Goldman Sachs)的合伙人,2008年经济衰退后,他成为华盛顿最激进的金融监管者之一。作为监管金融市场的机构——商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)的主席,他帮助实施了2010年的多德-弗兰克法案,该法案旨在保护消费者并约束华尔街。

2014年离开CFTC后,Gensler开始着迷于加密货币,当时加密货币正迅速成为主流。在麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),他教授了一门名为 “ 区块链和货币 ” 的讲座课程,似乎对加密货币改变金融市场的潜力持乐观态度。他仍然称发明比特币的神秘人物中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)为 “ 中本聪 ” (Nakamoto- san),以示敬意。

一位风险投资者在推特上说,当Gensler先生接管SEC时,加密货币行业称赞他是一位了解技术潜力的爱好者,比特币 “ 正处于良好的掌控之中 ”。

但很快就可以看出,Gensler先生将采取强硬的态度。2021年7月,他会见了一群行业代表,包括区块链协会的领导人,一个著名的加密货币交易团队。熟悉这次会议的两个人说,他直截了当的告诉他,该组织的大多数成员可能违反了联邦规则。

几天后,Gensler先生在华盛顿的一个国家安全会议上发言时,称加密货币是 “ 狂野的西部 ”。

Gensler没有为加密货币制定新的规则,而是专注于尽可能广泛地执行现有规则。今年7月,sec对Coinbase的一名前雇员提起内幕交易诉讼,称在该交易所上市的7种数字货币是未注册证券。次月,Coinbase在一份公开文件中披露,该机构向该公司发出了调查传票,要求提供有关其上市过程的信息。

在私下里,Gensler也同样咄咄逼人。“ 我听说过其他团体加入进来,展开争论,” 加密货币倡导组织数字商会(Chamber of Digital Commerce)的创始人佩里安妮·伯林(Perianne Boring)说:“ 你想打架,就打吧。”

在加密货币圈,提到Gensler的名字就会引发愤怒。加密货币公司LBRY的一个推特账号曾称他为 “ 披着人皮的恶魔 ”。

LBRY的首席执行官杰里米·考夫曼(Jeremy Kauffman)说,“ 我原本希望,一个研究加密货币的麻省理工教授会有一些表面上的公平,而不是一个完全的反社会分子。” LBRY去年被SEC起诉。

Gensler先生声称加密货币是证券的依据是最高法院在1946年概述的一种被称为Howey测试的法律分析。根据该框架,当一种金融产品提供了投资于 “ 共同企业 ” 的机会,并期望从他人的努力中获利时,它就被视为一种证券。

几十年来,法院裁定证券法适用于各种各样的金融产品,包括销售的合同。Gensler先生曾公开表示,比特币不是一种证券,因为没有任何中央团体或个人控制它。但他暗示,第二大流行的数字货币以太币可能是一种证券,并一再主张数百种较小的代币应属于SEC的管辖范围。

Gensler在上个月说:“ 都很简单,这些规则都写在了法律上 。”

加密货币行业反驳说,SEC正试图将一个过时的数字货币框架硬塞到加密货币行业当中。今年7月,Coinbase向美国证券交易委员会提交了一份32页的请愿书,称现有的注册规则并不完全适用于加密货币交易所。

熟悉证监会的两位人士表示,在该机构内部,Gensler先生的做法有时会导致挫败感。一位人士说,在会议上,工作人员指出了将联邦证券法扩展到加密货币交易所的困难。另一位人士说,SEC的其他员工抱怨Gensler先生没有采取足够积极的行动,Coinbase和FTX等交易所已经避免了重大罚款。

FTX的崩盘释放了一个新的审查水平,Gensler的公开会议日程截图显示,他与SBF进行了多次会谈,并在Twitter上流传,那些曾经说Gensler过于激进的加密货币粉丝现在指责他与一个罪犯亲近。(SBF先生没有被指控犯有任何罪行)。

他们认为,如果FTX和SEC达成交易,该交易所将获得 “ 监管垄断 ”,就可以主宰市场,而其他加密企业将是被拒之门外。

但杜克大学法学院(Duke University Law School)的密码专家李·莱纳斯(Lee Reiners)表示:“ 许多批评都是机会主义,如果你不喜欢他,你不喜欢现在的SEC,那么你当然会责怪他,不管事实如何,SBF试图与SEC会面,而Gensler却说,我永远不会和你说话,共和党人知道之后勃然大怒(因为共和党很多议员支持加密货币)。”

在FTX崩盘后不久的公开讲话中,Gensler先生认为:“ 太多的加密公司同时扮演多种金融角色——比如运营交易所和进行交易,这显然是指FTX和Alameda之间的密切关系。我们之所以经常把这些事情分开,是为了更好地保护公众不受内在冲突的影响,确保这个领域进入、注册和监管真的很重要。”

Gensler先生的大部分议程可能最终取决于对Ripple诉讼的裁决,该诉讼是美国证监会于2020年12月提出的。在提起诉讼之前,瑞波公司的标志性代币XRP是第三大最有价值的加密货币;自从美国证监会将其列为证券之后,它的排名就下降了。

这一结果也将引起国会的关注,今年国会提出了一系列与加密货币有关的法案。当根斯勒先生9月份在参议院银行委员会面前作证时,他受到了共和党参议员的质询,他们说,证监会对那些希望遵守联邦法律的加密货币公司提供的法律指导不够。

Gensler回击道:“ 不喜欢证监会的答案,并不意味着没有指导。"

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