香港稳定币监管最新拟议方案出炉,一文速览关键内容

Foresight NewsОпубликовано 2023-01-31Обновлено 2023-01-31

Введение

香港要监管什么?哪些主体会被监管?下一步是什么?

香港金管局今日发布长达 36 页的《关于加密资产和稳定币的讨论⽂件结论》,大致阐明了根据此前讨论文件的反馈拟议的大致监管方案参数,将优先监管参考法定货币且可能被用来支付的稳定币,并且对监管活动、目标实施时间、许可证、监管原则等作了详细介绍。

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一些主要的监管要求包括稳定币应全额支持和允许面值赎回、储备资产应具备高流动性、基于套利或算法获得价值的稳定币将不被接受。稳定币持有者应该能够在合理期限内将稳定币按⾯值兑换成参考法定货币。另外,受监管实体不得从事与其相关牌照允许的主营业务不同的活动,例如,钱包运营商不应从事借贷活动。

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关键信息一览

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一、2022 年 1 ⽉ 12 ⽇,香港⾦管局发布了⼀份关于加密资产和稳定币的讨论⽂件并邀请利益相关者提供反馈。讨论⽂件概述了⾦管局关于优先制定⽀付相关稳定币监管框架的想法,认为这种稳定币可能有潜⼒发展成为⼴泛接受的⽀付⽅式,同时也能在制度上提供灵活性。

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二、这之后,加密资产市场不断发展。不过,值得注意的是,在 TerraUSD 崩盘之后,稳定币市场在 2022 年 5 ⽉经历了很⼤的波动和调整。也有⼀些加密货币交易所陷入困境和危机,例如 2022 年 11 ⽉ FTX 崩盘事件。在此背景下,当局呼吁对稳定币进⾏更全⾯的监管,以解决稳定币可能带来的⾦融稳定⻛险。国际监管机构、国际标准制定机构 (SSB)和⼀些主要司法管辖区已经针对稳定币提出了更具体的政策建议和监管措施或提议。

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三、越来越多的主要司法管辖区正在优先监管那些声称参考法定货币的稳定币,因为监管机构认为这类稳定币更有可能⽤于⽀付并与传统⾦融体系有联系,相比其他类型的稳定币或加密资产而言,更容易产⽣更紧迫的货币和⾦融稳定⻛险。主要司法管辖区还注意到在监管制度中建⽴适当灵活性以调整监管范围来应对快速变化的市场和国际监管发展的重要性。

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四、截⾄ 2022 年 3 ⽉ 31 ⽇的反馈期结束时,⾦管局共收到 58 份意⻅书。受访者普遍表⽰⽀持⾦管局将稳定币纳⼊监管范围的提议。考虑到最新的国际建议和收到的反馈,⾦管局将进⼀步着⼿建⽴监管制度。相关制度的拟议关键参数总结如下:

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监管什么?

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与稳定币相关的关键活动将受到强制许可制度的约束。具体来说,⾦管局将采⽤基于⻛险(指数)的⽅法来确定稳定币结构的范围,以便在拟议的制度下进⾏监管。鉴于稳定币可能带来更⾼、更紧迫的货币和⾦融稳定⻛险,⾦管局将优先监管声称参考⼀种或多种法定货币的稳定币。之后当局将建⽴灵活性,从而在未来对其他稳定币结构进⾏监管。

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监管哪些主要活动?

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>治理:建⽴和维护管理范围内(in-scope,这里指参考法定货币的、可能用来支付的稳定币)稳定币的规则;

>发⾏:发⾏、创建或销毁相关稳定币;

>稳定性:相关范围内稳定币的稳定和储备管理安排(无论是否由发⾏⼈提供);

>钱包:提供允许存储用户加密密钥的服务(允许用户访问和管理此类稳定币)。

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哪些实体需要获得金管局许可证?

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>在⾹港进⾏受规管活动;

>积极向⾹港公众推销受规管活动;

>进⾏涉及声称参考港元价值的稳定币的受规管活动;

>涉及到重⼤公共利益的事项(当局认为应该如此监管)。

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重点监管原则

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全⾯的监管框架:将在所有权、治理和管理、⾦融资源要求、⻛险管理、反洗钱和反恐怖融资(AML/CFT)、用户保护和定期监管等领域制定适当的监管要求审计和披露要求。

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稳定币应全额支持和允许面值赎回:稳定币的储备资产价值应始终与未偿还稳定币的价值相匹配。储备资产应具有⾼质量和⾼流动性。基于套利或算法获得价值的稳定币将不被接受。稳定币持有者应该能够在合理期限内将稳定币按⾯值兑换成参考法定货币。

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主营业务限制:受监管实体不得从事与其相关牌照允许的主营业务不同的活动。例如,钱包运营商不应从事借贷活动。

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目标实施日期:2023 年 /2024 年

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立法方法:⾦管局正在权衡引⼊新⽴法和修订现⾏法律来实施监管制度的利弊。

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五、金管局将在适当的时候进⾏更详细的咨询,进一步提供有关监管制度的详细信息。

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六、关于更⼴泛的加密资产领域,根据⾹港特区政府于 2022 年 10 ⽉ 31 ⽇发布 的《关于在⾹港发展虚拟资产的政策声明》,⾦管局将继续与⾹港特区政府和⾦融监管机构中的其他利益相关者持续讨论,并积极参与相关国际论坛。⾦管局⽀持⾦融创新,并⿎励机构探索分布式账本技术(DLT)的潜⼒,以⽀持⾹港虚拟资产⽣态系统发展

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七、⾦管局指出,上述稳定币制度拟议监管活动可能与⾹港其他⾦融监管制度重叠或有相交的地方,例如虚拟资产服务提供商(VASP)的发牌制度由证券及期货事务监察委员会(证监会)管理。⾦管局将进⾏进⼀步评估, 并在制定制度细节时继续与⾹港特别⾏政区政府其他利益相关者、本地⾦融监管机构等合作,以避免监管套利和解决重复监管或监管空白问题,并缓解不同活动产⽣的⻛险。

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后续步骤

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一、金管局表示,拟议监管方案达成⼴泛共识后,⾦管局打算为稳定币制定灵活、基于⻛险(指数)的监管制度。这将有助于确保货币和⾦融稳定,保护用户,并将监管套利⻛险降⾄最低

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二、⾦管局会考虑收到的回应,并参考相关的国际讨论,以制定监管制度的细节,亦会继续监察市场发展,与业界接洽,并与⾹港特区政府及其他⾦融监管机构的其他利益相关者合作。

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三、将在适当时候进⾏更详细的磋商,提供有关监管制度的更详细信息,以期敲定⽴法草案将涵盖的主要参数。此外,⾦管局将就某些问题进⾏进⼀步评估,例如是否引⼊新⽴法或修订现⾏法律以实施拟议的监管制度、如何尽量减少可能的重复监管、如何应对可能由关联实体提供多种或捆绑⾦融服务的风险以及当地注册要求

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四、⾦管局亦会与其他利益相关者紧密合作,通过适当的⽴法活动落实监管制度。根据设想,该⽴法草案将阐明关键问题,例如 (i) 定义根据该⽴法将受到监管或不受监管的结构和活动;(ii) 应授予⾦管局实施监管的权⼒范围,同时兼顾监管有效性和相称性);(iii) 主要监管要求;(iv) 应授予当局的权⼒范围(以及相关框架),以便及时更新监管制度以涵盖额外的结构或活动;(v) 当局在⾏使与上述第 (iv) 点有关的权⼒时应考虑的相关指导因素。

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