Viewing Crypto × AI from the Primary Market: An Experiment in Tokenization Illusion

marsbitPublished on 2026-02-12Last updated on 2026-02-12

Abstract

This article analyzes the convergence of cryptocurrency and artificial intelligence (AI), critiquing the prevailing trend of "tokenization illusion" in Crypto × AI projects. Initially, the discussion highlights Vitalik Buterin's earlier skepticism toward Crypto-Helps-AI initiatives—such as tokenizing computing power, data, and AI models—which often lack sustainable product-market fit. These efforts face issues like unreliable compute services, low-quality data supply, and the non-scarce nature of AI models. The author also questions the practicality of verifiable inference (e.g., ZKML), arguing it addresses non-existent threats, as AI errors typically stem from design flaws rather than malicious tampering. Buterin’s updated perspective now balances both AI-Helps-Crypto and Crypto-Helps-AI, focusing on four key areas: using Ethereum for trustless AI interactions and economic layers for AI agents, and leveraging AI for smart contract auditing, prediction markets, and DAO governance. The conclusion emphasizes a more mature, integrated approach beyond mere tokenization, hoping for tangible progress in the coming years.

Author:Lao Bai

After two years, V God has posted on Twitter again, and I will follow up on the research report from two years ago, even the timing is exactly the same, February 10th. (Related reading: ABCDE: Sorting Out AI+Crypto from a Primary Market Perspective)

Two years ago, V God actually implicitly expressed that he was not very optimistic about the various popular Crypto Helps AI trends at the time. The three popular trends in the circle back then were computing power assetization, data assetization, and model assetization. My research report two years ago mainly discussed the phenomena and doubts observed in the primary market regarding these three trends. From V God's perspective, he was more optimistic about AI Helps Crypto.

The examples he gave at the time were:

  • AI as a participant in the game;
  • AI as the game interface;
  • AI as the game rules;
  • AI as the game objective;

Over the past two years, we have made many attempts in Crypto Helps AI, but with little effect. Many sectors and projects ended up - issuing a token and that's it, without real commercial PMF (Product-Market Fit). I call this the "Tokenization Illusion".

1. Computing Power Assetization - Most cannot provide commercial-grade SLA, are unstable, and frequently go offline. They can only handle simple small and medium model inference tasks, mostly serving niche markets. Revenue is not linked to the token......

2. Data Assetization - High friction on the supply side (retail users), low willingness, high uncertainty. The demand side (enterprises) needs structured, context-dependent, professional data suppliers with trust and legal liability. DAO-based Web3 project parties find it difficult to provide this.

3. Model Assetization - Models themselves are non-scarce, replicable, fine-tunable, rapidly depreciating process assets, not final-state assets. Hugging Face itself is a collaboration and dissemination platform, more like GitHub for ML, not an App Store for models. Therefore, so-called "decentralized Hugging Face" projects aiming to tokenize models have mostly ended in failure.

Additionally, over these two years, we have tried various forms of "verifiable inference," which is a typical story of looking for a nail to hit with a hammer. From ZKML to OPML to Gaming Theory, etc., even EigenLayer shifted its Restaking narrative to one based on Verifiable AI.

But it's basically similar to what happened in the Restaking sector - few AVSs (Actively Validated Services) are willing to pay continuously for extra verifiable security.

Similarly, verifiable inference is mostly verifying "things that no one really needs verified." The threat model on the demand side is extremely vague - who exactly are we protecting against?

AI output mistakes (model capability issues) are far more common than AI output being maliciously tampered with (adversarial problems). The various security incidents on OpenClaw and Moltbook some time ago showed that the real problems come from:

  • Wrong strategy design
  • Excessive permissions granted
  • Unclear boundaries
  • Unexpected interactions from tool combinations
  • ...

Almost none of the imagined nails like "model tampering" or "malicious rewriting of the inference process" exist.

I posted this picture last year, not sure if any old-timers remember.

The ideas V God presented this time are明显 more mature than two years ago, also due to the progress we've made in privacy, X402, ERC8004, prediction markets, and other directions.

It can be seen that the four quadrants he divided this time, half belong to AI Helps Crypto, and the other half belong to Crypto Helps AI, no longer明显偏向 the former as it was two years ago.

Top left and bottom left - Utilizing Ethereum's decentralization and transparency to solve AI's trust and economic collaboration problems

1.Enabling trustless and private AI interaction (Infrastructure + Survival): Using technologies like ZK, FHE to ensure the privacy and verifiability of AI interactions (not sure if the verifiable inference I mentioned earlier counts).

2. Ethereum as an economic layer for AI (Infrastructure + Prosperity): Enabling AI agents (Agents) to conduct economic payments, hire other robots, pay deposits, or establish reputation systems through Ethereum, thereby building a decentralized AI architecture rather than being limited to a single giant platform.

Top right and bottom right - Utilizing AI's intelligent capabilities to optimize the user experience, efficiency, and governance of the crypto ecosystem:

3. Cypherpunk mountain man vision with local LLMs (Impact + Survival): AI as the user's "shield" and interface. For example, local LLMs (Large Language Models) can automatically audit smart contracts, verify transactions, reduce reliance on centralized front-end pages, and protect individual digital sovereignty.

4. Make much better markets and governance a reality (Impact + Prosperity): AI deeply participates in Prediction Markets and DAO governance. AI can act as an efficient participant, amplifying human judgment by processing information on a large scale, solving various market and governance problems such as insufficient human attention, high decision-making costs, information overload, and voting apathy.

Previously, we were疯狂 wanting Crypto to Help AI, while V God stood on the other side. Now we finally meet in the middle,只是 it seems to have little to do with various XX tokenizations or so-called AI Layer1s. I hope that when we look back at today's post two years from now, there will be some new directions and surprises.

Related Questions

QWhat are the three main areas of 'Crypto Helps AI' that the author identified as largely ineffective, leading to a 'tokenization illusion'?

AThe three main areas are: 1) Compute power assetization - often unable to provide commercial-grade SLA, unstable, and unable to handle complex tasks. 2) Data assetization - high friction on the supply side (retail users) and inability to meet the demand for structured, context-dependent data from professional suppliers. 3) Model assetization - models are non-scarce, replicable, and depreciate quickly, making tokenization attempts largely unsuccessful.

QAccording to the article, what is the primary issue with 'verifiable inference' projects like ZKML and OPML?

AThe primary issue is that they are a solution in search of a problem ('a typical story of using a hammer to find a nail'). The demand-side threat model is extremely vague, as they are verifying 'things that no one really needs to be verified.' Real-world AI security problems stem from strategy errors, excessive permissions, and tool interactions, not from the imagined problem of 'model tampering' or 'malicious rewriting of the inference process.'

QHow has Vitalik Buterin's (V神) perspective on the relationship between AI and Crypto evolved from two years ago to now, as described in the article?

ATwo years ago, Vitalik was more skeptical of 'Crypto Helps AI' and was more optimistic about 'AI Helps Crypto.' His current perspective, as outlined in his new post, is more balanced. He now presents four quadrants, with half belonging to 'AI Helps Crypto' and the other half to 'Crypto Helps AI,' indicating a more mature and integrated view of how the two fields can mutually benefit each other.

QWhat are the two key ideas in the 'Crypto Helps AI' quadrant of Vitalik's new framework?

AThe two key ideas are: 1) Enabling trustless and private AI interaction: Using technologies like ZK and FHE to ensure the privacy and verifiability of AI interactions. 2) Ethereum as an economic layer for AI: Allowing AI agents to conduct economic payments, hire other bots, post collateral, and build a reputation system on Ethereum, enabling a decentralized AI architecture.

QWhat are the two key ideas in the 'AI Helps Crypto' quadrant of Vitalik's new framework?

AThe two key ideas are: 1) Cypherpunk vision with local LLMs: Using AI, specifically local Large Language Models, as a 'shield' and interface for users to audit smart contracts and verify transactions, reducing reliance on centralized front-ends. 2) Making better markets and governance a reality: Using AI to participate deeply in prediction markets and DAO governance, processing information at scale to amplify human judgment and solve issues like voter apathy and information overload.

Related Reads

To C, To B, and the Next Big Thing Called To A

After To C and To B, the Next Wave is To A: Serving AI Agents In a recent quarterly earnings call, Meituan's Wang Xing introduced a new concept: To A (To Agent), signifying that future business services will increasingly target AI Agents as primary clients, not just consumers or merchants. This shift implies that internet giants must now consider how to make their services more appealing for AI Agents to recommend, fundamentally altering traditional distribution logic. This "To A era" is prompting an unusual trend of alliances among major tech companies. Unlike previous competitive battles, firms like Meituan, Tencent, JD.com, Huawei, OPPO, and OpenAI are rapidly forming partnerships. The reason is strategic: as AI Agents become the primary user interface, handling tasks from a single command (e.g., "Book a Japanese restaurant for tomorrow"), the risk for platforms is being bypassed entirely. Companies are positioning themselves within this new value chain. Three primary strategies are emerging: 1. **Super-Entry Points + Service Providers:** Platforms like Tencent's Yuanbao, WeChat, and ChatGPT aim to be the first-stop Agent, integrating various services (food delivery, shopping, travel) from partners like Meituan and JD.com. 2. **Apps as Callable Services:** Companies like Meituan, JD.com, and Uber are ensuring their core services remain accessible and callable by external Agents, shifting from front-end apps to back-end capabilities. 3. **System-Level Agent Entry Points:** Smartphone makers (Huawei, Honor, OPPO) are leveraging their OS-level AI assistants to control the initial user command, redistributing it to relevant service apps. While alliances offer mutual benefit—entry points gain service capabilities, and service providers gain traffic—inherent conflicts of interest exist. A dominant Agent platform could eventually attempt to connect directly with suppliers (restaurants, hotels), bypassing current aggregators like Meituan or Ctrip. Other unresolved challenges include the potential for Agent recommendations to become a new form of paid ranking and unclear accountability for faulty recommendations. The current rush to form alliances is a defensive move by service providers to secure their position before the landscape solidifies. In this To A-driven restructuring, the greatest risk is not losing the race but failing to hear the starting gun.

marsbit4m ago

To C, To B, and the Next Big Thing Called To A

marsbit4m ago

The More Lifelike the Robot, the More Terrifying? Unveiling the 'Uncanny Valley Effect' in the Era of Humanoid Robots

As humanoid robots become increasingly lifelike, they confront a significant psychological barrier known as the "Uncanny Valley Effect," a concept proposed by Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori in 1970. This phenomenon describes a dip in human comfort and acceptance when robots appear almost, but not perfectly, human. Minor imperfections in facial expressions, eye movements, or skin texture trigger a subconscious sense of unease, as the brain detects something trying, yet failing, to mimic a person. Examples range from the controversial human-like robot Sophia to animated characters in films like *The Polar Express*. The effect poses a key design challenge for robotics companies. Some, like Boston Dynamics, avoid it entirely by creating highly capable but visibly mechanical robots. Others, like Hanson Robotics, push for greater human likeness despite the risk. For consumer robots, especially in homes, most manufacturers opt for stylized or clearly mechanical designs to ensure broader acceptance. While the Uncanny Valley remains a powerful force, its impact may diminish over time through technological advancements that achieve near-perfect realism or through generational familiarity as people grow accustomed to interacting with humanoid machines. Ultimately, navigating this psychological frontier requires as much understanding of human perception as of robotics technology itself.

marsbit4m ago

The More Lifelike the Robot, the More Terrifying? Unveiling the 'Uncanny Valley Effect' in the Era of Humanoid Robots

marsbit4m ago

WeChat Agent Issues a 'Heroic Summons,' Half of the Internet Responds

WeChat AI Agent is on the horizon. The WeChat Open Platform has issued a guide for developers, offering them ways to integrate into the WeChat AI ecosystem. This will enable mini-programs to be discovered and invoked by the AI. Meituan has already announced its integration, allowing users to access services like food delivery through WeChat AI. Other platforms like Ctrip and Tongcheng have followed suit. Furthermore, WeChat is collaborating with major smartphone manufacturers to enable their native AI assistants to perform actions within WeChat, such as initiating calls or sending messages, through a controlled protocol called Agent-to-Agent (A2A). Reports indicate the WeChat AI Agent will be accessible by swiping right on the main interface. It aims to understand user intent within the rich context of chats, groups, and past interactions, then automatically call upon relevant mini-programs to complete tasks like ordering coffee or booking restaurants. This positions it as a potential "super app" with direct access to WeChat's vast ecosystem of services, social connections, and payment systems. Technically, this is a complex endeavor. It requires advanced natural language understanding, a "world model" to predict interactions within mini-programs (UI-Oceanus), multi-model orchestration for cost efficiency, and careful coordination with millions of third-party service providers. Tencent's development follows a "Co-Design" approach, where product teams and the Hunyuan model team collaborate closely, allowing capabilities honed in other AI products (like Yuanbao for chat, ima for search, WorkBuddy for office tasks) to be transferred to the WeChat Agent. Tencent is strategically opting for the A2A protocol over GUI-based automation (which it has blocked in the past), maintaining control over its ecosystem. To manage the immense scale and cost of serving 1.4 billion monthly active users, Tencent is deepening its ties with DeepSeek, known for its cost-effective training, to secure a low-cost inference backbone. The ultimate goal is to solve practical, everyday problems for users within the WeChat ecosystem, moving beyond technical benchmarks to deliver real utility, which Tencent sees as the key to winning in the long-term AI game.

marsbit1h ago

WeChat Agent Issues a 'Heroic Summons,' Half of the Internet Responds

marsbit1h ago

Trading

Spot
Futures

Hot Articles

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of AI (AI) are presented below.

活动图片