IRON和UST崩溃后,算法稳定币完蛋了吗?

FastDailyPublished on 2022-11-26Last updated on 2022-11-26

Abstract

基于UST算法稳定币的失败架构,很多人都产生了质疑,我们是否应该永远跟它说拜拜?在试图回答这个问题之前,让我们看看什么是算法稳定币以及它们如何运作。

别慌,千万别慌。

别管谁又爆雷,别管哪儿有崩盘,既然你已经看到了这篇内容,就代表你有机会涨一些知识,能让你尽可能的避免遭受一些“噩耗”的冲击。

过去在牛市时期,我们经常会担心是不是没几天又要进入熊市了。哪怕不牛不熊,风平浪静的时候,也要思考这是否是暴风雨前的平静。

这可能就是混久了币圈留下的过分警觉性吧。

加密货币市场近年来确实经历了一些狂风暴雨。2022年4月是Terra的LUNA代币和UST稳定币强劲增长和繁荣的一个月,相对平静的情况掩盖了其设计固有的弱点。到了5月,乌云密布下,出现了可能彻底摧毁算法稳定币的情况。Terra-LUNA号船长Do Kwon做了一些最后的努力来稳定航向,但这不足以确保它的生存。基于UST算法稳定币的失败架构,很多人都产生了质疑,我们是否应该永远跟它说拜拜?在试图回答这个问题之前,让我们看看什么是算法稳定币以及它们如何运作。

什么是算法稳定币?

算法稳定币使用双代币模型,其中,挂钩稳定币的价值由平衡代币支持。算法使用智能合约来维持稳定币与与之挂钩的法定货币的1:1比例,交易员从套利中获益。以Terra区块链为例,用户可以在任何时候用1美元的LUNA兑换1 UST,反之亦然。根据UST的市场价格,用户可以通过使用它买卖美元获利。从理论上讲,这种针对供需的持续铸币和销毁活动将推动UST的价格重新与美元持平。

尽管这个模型有很多优点,但还是存在一些系统性问题,导致了顶级算法稳定币的灾难性失败。让我们深入研究这个模型,了解这些失败的原因。

算法稳定币注定要失败

算法稳定币模型有着乌托邦式的前景。虽然算法稳定币背后的想法听起来不错,但理论上,它设计的并不现实,且一次又一次地失败,无法通过市场压力测试。最近的例子包括Iron Finance以及最近的Terra。此外,一些监管机构认为,算法稳定币没有真正的挂钩,只是从对其未来市场价值的预期中获得当前价值。

算法稳定币的一个主要问题在于其架构,它假定平衡代币将保持稳定甚至升值。这种假设没有为平衡代币价值下降的最坏情况提供空间。傲慢地坚持这种理想,而不给市场低迷的现实留出空间使得稳定币在情况恶化时没有一个可以拯救生态系统的后盾。这使得该模型成为了一颗定时炸弹。

每一个重大的失败案例都是由平衡代币无法承受市场危机引起的。一旦对平衡代币的需求受到影响,价格下跌,整个纸牌屋就会倒塌。由于缺乏缓冲系统故障影响的后盾,它很快就会倒下。也就是说,它没有额外法币的支持。

一个只为繁荣时刻建立,但不为糟糕时刻提供保障的体系注定要失败。

对算法稳定币的基本诊断是,当价格下跌时,销毁机制不能帮助稳定币维持其挂钩。算法稳定币是一个矛盾体,因为无论市场条件如何,它们都无法维持所需的稳定性。这是一种投机的、乌托邦式的、易碎的体系,只有在事情按计划进行、市场条件有利的情况下才会发挥作用。

对Iron的TITAN和Terra的UST的事后分析

Iron Finance在一份事后报告中称其TITAN代币的崩溃是“世界上第一起大规模的加密银行挤兑事件”。事实上,这不会是唯一一起。一年后,类似的事情发生在另一个算法稳定币UST上。为什么这道闪电会击中两次?

Iron Finance的盔甲首次出现裂痕是在2021年6月16日,当时其平衡代币TITAN在两小时内从65美元跌至30美元,导致该生态系统的稳定币Iron失去了与美元的挂钩。TITAN在一小时后恢复到52美元,IRON重新获得其美元挂钩。这场胜利是短暂的。

是什么导致了最初的动荡?Iron Finance透露,“一些鲸鱼开始从Iron /USDC中移除流动性,然后将TITAN卖给Iron,然后将Iron卖给USDC,直接进入流动性池,而不是赎回Iron,这导致了Iron的价格脱钩。”

在这一点上,Iron Finance认为他们的代码通过了十多次脱钩恐慌的考验。然而,最新一次动荡引发了死亡螺旋,最终吞噬了整个生态系统,导致TITAN跌至0.94美元。

据报道,TITAN因其价格馈送oracle的TWAP(时间加权平均价格)延迟60分钟而导致价格上涨,使套利者无利可图。IRON的失败暴露了依赖独立套利来维持算法稳定币稳定性的问题,也让我们看到了维持加密项目的隐藏规则。你可以在失去一些鲸鱼用户的情况下存活下来,但如果他们的活动没有得到管理,或激发了散户的恐慌,那么项目存活的机会几乎为零。

我们还可以补充说,IRON的75%由USDC担保,而剩下的25%由其原生代币TITAN担保。所以从表面上看,Iron Finance试图用75美分创造1美元,希望TITAN的价值保持不变或上升。他们因为这种不考虑最坏情况的乌托邦式远景而受到了沉重的惩罚。

Iron Finance的算法稳定币失败仅一年之后,LUNA的算法稳定币UST在类似的情况下崩溃,鲸鱼以索罗斯式的方式操纵生态系统,导致对已经摇摇欲坠的加密货币市场心存警惕的用户出现大规模恐慌。

算法稳定币的独立套利模式是一颗定时炸弹。

显然,闪电击中了两次,这一次确定了算法稳定币要求鲸鱼用户在市场压力时期赎回铸造的平衡代币的独立套利模式是一颗定时炸弹。

算法稳定币注定失败的四个原因

1. 依赖于对平衡代币的高需求,而不考虑市场变化。

生态系统需要对其平衡代币的持续需求才能实现最佳运行,但在危机期间无法保证保持这种支持水平。这种拒绝考虑最坏情况的做法是该系统无法承受任何市场冲击的原因之一。

2. 当市场经历低迷时,维持挂钩所需的鲸鱼用户和独立套利活动总会失败。

不管是好是坏,大型持有者在加密生态系统中扮演着有影响力的角色。算法稳定币系统需要价格稳定的套利来维持生态系统的稳定,而它依赖于具有市场激励来执行此操作的鲸鱼玩家。鲸鱼玩家可以选择从一个未来不确定的病态生态系统中提取流动性,而当他们的活动是维持该系统稳定的因素时,这便是一个大问题。算法稳定币的重大失败表明,这些行为者一次又一次地选择了他们的个人利益,而不是维护生态系统。这种安排往好了说是脆弱的,往坏了说是灾难性的。

3.在市场低迷时期,生态系统普遍存在的信息不透明是很糟糕的。

算法稳定币的激励结构和信息的不透明在危机期间损害了生态系统。缺乏透明度会导致不确定性,在危机中,投资者会随大流做出对生态系统有害的决定。市场波动表明,许多加密货币散户投资者没有长期的市场策略,所以一旦有任何与项目相关的问题迹象,他们就会迅速撤出。这就是为什么很少有项目能从失败中恢复过来的原因之一。

4. 当需求低迷时,“销毁/铸币”机制无法维持挂钩。

当二级市场出现危机时,加密货币市场会持续数月处于熊市轨道,大多数资产的交易价格始终不到历史高点的40%。这种市场条件下的低需求严重打击了销毁/铸币机制,它几乎无法存活。当市场流动性较低时,生态系统将面临第一次冲击——这种情况下是稳定币的脱钩。紧随其后的是流动性挤兑,如果不加以遏制,这将使整个体系崩溃。

社区主导的算法稳定币回潮

在剖析了算法稳定币模型,并暴露了导致这个生态系统一次又一次失败的缺陷之后,人们很容易将这个想法抛到一边,认为它是永远不会奏效的发明之一。最重要的是,它们需要严格的自我监管来控制生态系统。让我们看看社区主导的监管如何帮助算法稳定币卷土重来。

自我监管

创新是去中心化金融的基石之一。这也是它的主要竞争优势,而严格的政府监管将有效地削弱这一优势。金融去中心化的一个基本前提是减少外部影响对金融体系的影响。解决方案是加强社区监管,使事情走上正轨,减少可能的政府干预。

在观察到算法稳定币模式的失败后,加密社区可以权衡执行某些措施,以降低失败的风险,并为投资者提供保险。加密社区需要表现出这种水平的成熟度,以抵制政府监管的不断增加。为了重建算法稳定币,以下是社区监管的一些重点领域:

强化后盾

加密社区可以为算法稳定币引入的最重要的监管措施之一是在失败的情况下为投资者提供补偿。补偿可以以任何类型的资产形式进行,以确保平衡代币的安全。无论采取何种形式,社区都应该努力确保补偿的存在。这将有助于防止算法稳定币彻底失去挂钩并跌至零。

尽管一些人称赞算法稳定币模型是传统部分准备金制度的再现,但该模型与没有担保的传统系统相去甚远。准备金还将增强散户投资者的信心。在市场动荡的情况下,他们可以放心地认为他们的投资是有保障的,从而减少了大规模流动性挤兑的可能性。

透明度和全面披露

监管机构也应该对稳定币发行人施加限制。Carlo R.W. De Meijer提出了一些监管方法,以确保稳定币发行者的透明度和充分披露,如明确定义稳定币形式(在本例中为算法稳定币)的分类、审慎规则、抵押品保管保障措施以及报告透明度、风险披露和遏制措施。加密社区不需要依赖政府来提供这些指导方针,而是可以共同编写和执行这些指南。这将为投资者提供重要的信息,以便在市场危机发生时做出决策并采取正确的行动。

未来之路

独立市场驱动的鲸鱼套利是IRON和Terra的UST失败的核心原因。这意味着,如果算法稳定币卷土重来,这个错误必须得到解决。补救措施是制定强有力的社区监管,对有义务的套利者的活动进行强制和严格监督。

当然,除了监管之外,我们普通个人虽然无法抗衡整个行业的基础架构设计,但是我们可以尽可能的多学、多看、多想。

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Classic USDC undertakes to maintain a reserve of assets that directly correspond to the value of the digital currency in circulation. Specifically, for every Classic USDC token issued, an equivalent amount of backing assets is retained in reserve, whether in cash or near-cash equivalents. This strategy is designed to uphold the value of Classic USDC, offering reassurance to users that redeeming their tokens for US dollars is feasible at any time. This reserve structure aims to enhance the stability and reliability of Classic USDC, positioning it as a secure alternative in the cryptocurrency market. By ensuring that the value of Classic USDC is consistently correlated with the US dollar, the project aspires to engender trust among users who may be wary of the broader market dynamics. Timeline of Classic USDC The history of Classic USDC is marked by several key milestones that reflect its journey and evolution within the cryptocurrency ecosystem: 2021: The inception of Classic USDC is noted, introducing a new digital currency option designed for stability. During this year, the first records of the token’s activity surfaced and its initial price levels were established. 2024: Classic USDC begins to experience notable price fluctuations, as the crypto market overall grapples with various trends and user sentiment. Predictions regarding its future potential emerge, indicating a strong interest from market observers and analysts who foresee growth opportunities. Future Projections Experts speculate that Classic USDC may reach higher levels of adoption and stability in the years to come, with potential further developments anticipated around 2025 and 2026. However, these projections should be approached with cautious optimism, as the cryptocurrency market is inherently unpredictable, and various external factors may influence the trajectory of Classic USDC. Key Points About Classic USDC Stability: Classic USDC’s core proposition revolves around providing a digital currency that parallels the value of the US dollar, thereby ensuring stability in an often volatile marketplace. Reserve System: The project’s commitment to maintaining a reserve of assets to back its value underscores its reliability and operational soundness. Web3 and Crypto Integration: Classic USDC is engineered to facilitate easy integration within various applications, aiming to enhance the user experience and broaden the acceptance of cryptocurrency in everyday transactions. Future Growth Potential: While still emerging, Classic USDC holds prospective avenues for growth as awareness and utilization of stablecoins increases in the web3 and crypto contexts. Conclusion Classic USDC presents itself as a notable stablecoin initiative within the cryptocurrency sphere, striving to provide users with a reliable digital currency that embodies the stability of the US dollar. Despite uncertainties regarding its creators and financial backing, the underpinning principles of Classic USDC—centered on reserve-backed assurances—endeavour to position it as a trustworthy option for individuals and businesses navigating the digital economy. With an eye towards the future, market analysts are keen to observe how Classic USDC evolves in response to the shifting dynamics of the cryptocurrency landscape, potentially establishing itself as a significant player in the realm of stablecoins.

635 Total ViewsPublished 2024.05.01Updated 2024.12.03

What is $USDC

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