复盘比特币期货ETF连战连捷之由

Muse LabsPublished on 2022-10-12Last updated on 2022-10-12

Abstract

比特币期货ETF是以比特币期货合约作为底层资产的交易型开放式指数基金,不直接投资于比特币。

2022年10月12日,SEC再次否决了WisdomTree的比特币现货ETF发行申请,而不久前Teucrium的比特币期货ETF却顺利上市。究竟为何比特币现货ETF频频遭拒,期货ETF反而捷报频传呢?通过复盘SEC的批复文件,我们总结了比特币期货ETF成功闯关的致胜因素。

#1

比特币期货ETF简介

比特币期货ETF是以比特币期货合约作为底层资产的交易型开放式指数基金,不直接投资于比特币,而是投资于在美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)注册、芝加哥商品交易所(CME)上市、以现金交割结算、高度标准化的近月比特币期货,即场内离交割月份较近,可还未进入交割阶段的合约。发行机构通过滚仓展期的方式,卖出近期合约,买入远期合约,持续追踪比特币期货合约的价格指数。比特币期货的价值则是参考CME的比特币参考汇率(BRR),一项以Coinbase、Gemini、Kraken和Bitstamp 等多个CEX内比特币交易价格为基准的综合平均加权指数。

数年来,仅比特币期货ETF被批准上市交易,从一定程度上说明了SEC对其认可度更高。此外,SEC可能也试图通过比特币期货ETF探索合适的监管框架,因此将其作为过渡方案。

比特币期货ETF的优势体现在三个方面,1)降低操作壁垒,节省了投资者学习加密交易所用法、钱包存储以及私钥管理的成本和时间;2)避免了平台风险与自持风险,许多投资者可能也想从比特币的价格波动中赚取收益,但又不想直接持有比特币现货,此类情况下,期货ETF或是个合适的选择,其可帮助用户规避黑客攻击等安全隐患,同时也节省了托管、存储方面的费用支出;3)为比特币市场吸纳了增量投资者及资金,有利于比特币的长期发展。

比特币期货ETF的短板主要在于期现价格偏离度及持仓成本较高。首先,期货是能够溢价或折价交易的金融工具,其中溢价是指ETF被迫低价卖出近期合约,高价买入远期合约,反之亦然。故而,与比特币现货价格相比,比特币期货ETF的净值可能出现较大程度偏离,假设比特币的现货价格上涨了1%,但期货价格却以2%折价交易,则比特币期货ETF的单位净值反而会下跌。其次,由于期货合约强制规定了到期日,无限展期或因期货溢价造成调仓损耗,继而压缩潜在的利润空间。此外,期货合约过高的成本也可能致其无法充分追踪现货价格,进一步扩大期现价差。

#2

比特币期货ETF捷报频传

2021年之前,比特币的期货ETF申请也如现货ETF一般频繁被拒,但SEC的态度在该年发生了转变。自首支比特币期货ETF获批后,其发行申请便踏上了一片坦途。短短1年内,市场上已经有5支比特币期货ETF被允许上市交易。

从竞争格局来看,虽然ProShares的管理费率最高,但其发行的两支比特币期货ETF占据了超过95%的市场份额,或是由于先发优势与产品多样性。监管层的宽容度在2022年进一步提升,于本年度6月通过了第一支空头比特币期货ETF的申请,不仅推动了比特币期货ETF交易体系的完善,而且丰富了投资者的交易选择。该年9月,SEC又准允了首支基于1934年法案的比特币期货ETF发行,而以往的申请均是基于1940年法案获批。

#3

比特币期货ETF的制胜关键

通过回顾SEC往年的批复意见,我们解析了比特币期货ETF获批的三大关键因素。

首先,比特币期货ETF的监管力度较强。在SEC反馈Teucrium的申请时,将市场定义为CME,基础资产定义为CME比特币期货。CME受到CFTC监管,合规性更高,因此追踪CME比特币期货价格的ETF也能够纳入监管框架内,不仅降低了市场操纵的风险,还提升了透明度。不久前,泰国最大的加密交易所Bitkub就被爆出高管参与内幕交易与洗盘,通过伪造虚假交易量来操纵市场。此外,比特币期货合约不需要第三方托管,也避开了托管安全及私钥管理的难题。

其次,比特币期货ETF基础资产的二级市场成熟度更高。CME是美国乃至全世界最大的衍生品交易所,经过上百年的发展,场内拥有充足的流动性。参照传统金融的经验,商品领域的定价长期由期货主导,期货是流动性的源泉。与新兴的CEX相比,CME建立了完整的盘前、盘后、大宗、做市和清算、结算等交易体系。因此,从理论上而言,CME的定价效率也更高。根据Bitwise的论文,CME的比特币期货市场领先于现货市场,是全球比特币市场价格发现的主要来源,其价格变化同样也领先于Coinbase、Kraken与其它离岸交易所。

最后,比特币期货ETF采用了不同的判定法案。比特币现货ETF均是由《1934年证券交易法》裁决,根据该法案第6(b)(1)条规定,交易所需要提交19b-4表格详细说明ETF的基础市场如何防止欺诈和抵抗价格操作,以保护投资者利益。通常,比特币期货ETF受到《1940年投资公司法》约束,其对基金发行方的治理结构、信息披露、流动性与估值、杠杆等均做出了严格要求。然而,此举有违ETF的设计初衷及运行机制,故比特币期货ETF上市交易可引用豁免条例,无须提交证明。

总体而言,比特币期货ETF已经摸索出了成熟的申请路径,Teucrium案例具有一定的里程碑意义,创造了SEC基于1934年法案首次通过比特币ETF的历史,对未来的比特币现货ETF申请具有极高的参考价值,也为其顺利上市埋下了伏笔。

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