USDC被冻结,我们需要什么样的稳定币?

链茶馆Published on 2022-08-11Last updated on 2022-08-11

Abstract

昨天38个钱包地址的USDC被冻结,这是USDC背后的Centre公司为了回应美国财政部对Tornado Cash的禁令。

稳定币再次成为加密世界的焦点。

昨天38个钱包地址的USDC被冻结,这是USDC背后的Centre公司为了回应美国财政部对Tornado Cash的禁令。

发生在现实世界的冻卡会影响加密市场,发生在链上的冻结带来的冲击只会更大。USDC被冻结带来的冲击远不止于USDC,难道USDT、BUSD就不会被冻结吗?

联想到前不久Aave和Curve先后决定要推出自己的稳定币,也许已经预示了稳定币市场该来一场翻天覆地的变化了。

不过它们的稳定币没有什么可讨论的价值,跟MakerDAO的DAI没有本质上的区别。虽然一定能找出细节上的差异,然后可以故作惊讶地说「重大创新!」「稳定币5.0」,但真正值得关注的是Aave和Curve这两个独立事件反映了DeFi领域的一种趋势——DeFi协议真的要成为协议(Protocol),而不是某个产品。

AAVE和Curve推出自己的稳定币,就是一种重新调整自己的生态位的尝试——成为介于产品和公链之间的协议簇。

当然本文不会讨论「DeFi协议回归协议」的趋势,而是讨论为何DeFi协议要选择从稳定币切入,而这就需要去讨论稳定币本身了。

抵押型稳定币

回顾稳定币的迭代,看起来只是对旧闻的复读,但我们在复读的过程中也许能梳理出更加清晰的动向,而不是仅仅把它当作热点去跟风。

比特币诞生于2009年,是为了取代法币,充当一般等价物,但比特币的资产属性远高于货币属性,至少未来很长一段时间内仍将如此,而在比特币之后的加密货币就更是如此。

金融市场一定要有低波动的资产来充当货币,于是就有了锚定法币的稳定币。要知道即使是法币,涉及大额交易也会有定制化的服务来对冲汇率波动,何况是动辄波动20%的加密货币。

稳定币具有加密货币的开放性和高效(相对于银行而言),也具有法币的稳定性(相对于加密货币而言)。虽然有人批评在加密世界采用锚定法币的加密货币很讽刺,但在真正的超主权货币诞生之前,加密世界的金融体系还真缺不了它。

2013年,第一个稳定币BitUSD诞生,创建者是后来创建了EOS的BM。BitUSD锚定的是美元,需要抵押至少2倍的加密货币。2017年创建的MakerDAO就是沿用了BitUSD的原理创建了DAI。

它们的抵押品是加密货币,它们本身也是加密货币,只是参照美元来结算,所以它们铸造的多与少都与美元无关。

2014年,Tether发行了USDT,让稳定币真正被加密市场广泛采用。USDT的原理更简单,Tether往银行存1美元,就发行1 USDT,所有的USDT都是有真正的美元在支撑它的价值,USDT本质上是Tether发行的借据,价值取决于Tether是否值得信任,目前为止运行正常。

所以具有先发优势且没出毛病的USDT被采用得最广泛,在已经冒出了很多种稳定币的今天,仍然占据市场45%份额,另外USDC占据37%,BUSD占据12%(发行于2019年),它们都是一个原理。不过前面提到的超额抵押加密货币的DAI也占据了4%的份额。

以上的稳定币都是基于抵押品铸造的,只不过因为加密货币有波动性,所以是超额抵押,而美元兑美元不存在波动性,就1:1抵押。

总的来说,加密抵押品的资本效率低,但它的去中心化抵消了部分资本效率上的不足,而且还有经济激励——可以赚利息和加杠杆(复投)。美元抵押品的资本效率高,但不太透明的托管人有潜在风险(比如这两天刚发生的用户钱包里涉及洗钱的USDC被冻结)。

算法稳定币为什么注定崩溃?

关于稳定币的想象力,似乎到这里就到头儿了,但算法稳定币以另一种思路给出了解决方案——不要抵押品,让供需关系去调节价格。

稳定币是一种加密货币,它的作用是充当加密货币之间的结算工具,只不过这个结算工具的货币单位锚定的是法币的单位。

那么为什么非得需要抵押品呢?抵押品的确能够保证稳定币的绝对内在价值,但没必要……稳定币只要能够1:1锚定法币就能充当结算工具了。你看现实世界中期票、汇票、支票甚至信用卡也充当着结算工具,它们也都不见得拥有绝对内在价值,但并不影响使用。

所以稳定币只要保证供应量与需求量之间的平衡,价格就会保持稳定,于是诞生了算法稳定币。

所有的算法稳定币都是双代币模型,一个是稳定币,试图锚定美元,另一个项目代币,可以按「1稳定币=1美元」的汇率强行兑换稳定币。

当稳定币的价格高于美元,那就刺激套利者去铸造更多的稳定币来平抑价格,当低于美元时,那就刺激套利者抛售更多的稳定币来买入项目代币。

当然不同的算法稳定币的细则会有所差别,有的项目代币可以即时兑换,有的则设置了期限,但基本原理是一致的。

算法稳定币从逻辑上来看像是永动机,因为有套利空间,所以就能持续下去,因为能持续下去,所以就永远有套利空间……

但这个永动机有一个前提,那就是项目代币本身得有增值空间,这样才会有人愿意持有它,否则没有人为套利行为买单。而项目代币的增值的基础是有增发稳定币的需求(只要稳定币无限增发,有限的项目代币就会无限上涨)。

但稳定币不可能无限增发,因为即使这个算法稳定币占据了全部的稳定币市场,甚至占据了全世界所有货币的市场,终究会达到极限,项目代币失去了增长空间,然后会发生什么?

持有者会抛售项目代币,或者直接铸造为稳定币来避险,这样会增加稳定币的供应,导致稳定币价格下跌,然后套利者会去购买低于1美元的稳定币却按1美元的价格兑换成项目代币,再出售掉来获利,于是进一步压低项目代币的价格……死亡螺旋就此形成。

以上情形在每一个算法稳定币项目上都上演过,只不过发生的时间远比假设来得更快,因为这种机制依赖于市场对项目代币的信心,而早期项目有太多不可控因素,远远达不到市场极限就已经抵达项目极限了。

稳定币再出发

目前的算法稳定币的机制决定了当它抵达市场极限时就会瞬间崩溃,但思路绝对值得借鉴——稳定币只要能够1:1锚定法币就能充当结算工具了,那么保证它的供应量与需求量之间的平衡即可。

这是一个雄心勃勃的天才设计,它指出了一种令人亢奋的可能性——真正的去中心化的超主权货币。

注意,现阶段的稳定币的稳定性在于锚定的是法币,而法币只是相对稳定(否则怎么会有外汇市场),法币最常见的不稳定性在于以通货膨胀的方式征收铸币税。所以有人会选择持有黄金或者比特币来避险,它们都是优质的资产,但它们都不是合格的货币。因为货币是生产出的价值的抽象表现,而黄金或者比特币是有限的,远远跟不上生产力的增长,所以会制造不公平——早期储蓄者什么都没有做,但财富却跟着增长。

当然,扯远了,回到现实中的稳定币。

正如前面再三强调的,锚定法币的稳定币不是货币,而是一种结算工具,要保证它跟法币的汇率是1:1,现阶段冒出来的各种稳定币都是在可用性、资本效率、风险等各维度之间做权衡,以满足不同的需求。

USDT、USDC、BUSD等中心化机构发行的以美元为抵押品的稳定币固然可以满足现阶段的需求,但它不能未来的需求,尤其是在抗风险能力方面,所以注定被淘汰。DAI这种以加密货币为抵押品的稳定币虽然资本效率低,但它实现了去中心化,成为了无需许可的DeFi的基础设施,但它超额抵押带来的低资本效率注定不会成为主流稳定币。

未来的稳定币市场有两种可能性,一种是出现一种全新的算法稳定币,但可能性极低,另一种是出现很多种以加密货币为抵押品的稳定币。市场不需要太多的货币,但市场欢迎越来越多的产品。

AAVE和Curve就是尝试推出自己的稳定币产品,对的,是一种结算工具的产品,不是货币。我们还会看到更多的DeFi协议发行更多的更复杂的稳定币(可能是两种稳定币混合起来的稳定币),从而彻底改变稳定币市场的格局。

至于用算法稳定币创建的超主权货币,可以继续观察Libra之后那一批人的尝试。

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