从野蛮生长到有序合规:涉案虚拟币处置的前世今生

深潮Published on 2025-07-14Last updated on 2025-07-14

从来没有一种事物像比特币一样,让法律如此纠结。

撰文:刘扬

2020 年 11 月 27 日,一份刑事判决书在网络上流出,不但点燃了币圈,也引起了很多传统法律人的高度关注,甚至让法律行业之外的人为之侧目,没错,那就是 plus token 案,可能是迄今为止案值最大的传销案之一。

究竟大到什么程度?plustoken 案二审刑事裁定书中显示,「PlusToken 平台共收取会员缴纳的比特币 314211 个,以太坊 9174201 个,瑞波币 928280240 个,比特现金 117450 个,达世币 96023 个,狗狗币 11060162640 个,莱特币 1847674 个,柚子币 51363309 个,」「据盐城市物价局价格认定中心认定,以 2018 年 5 月 1 日至 2019 年 6 月 27 日期间最低价计算,上述 8 种数字货币折合人民币 148××××8037.50 元。」这几个「××××」让案值变得扑朔迷离。

按照笔者写文时的市值,案涉比特币价值 370 亿美金,仅狗狗币和瑞波币两个币种加起来就差不多 50 亿美金(这还不是市值最高的时候)。

回到正题上,在 plustoken 案二审刑事裁定书中提到:「收缴的赃物处置问题。经查,在案证据证实陈波向盐城市公安局申请由其委托北京知帆科技有限公司依法出售变现公安机关扣押的数字货币,所有款项作为其退赃款。」这才是这个案件引起广泛关注的核心点,彼时币圈的人担心天量的虚拟币会不会到市场上「砸盘」,法律人关心如此处置是否合法,而法律行业之外的人则嗅到了暴富的商机,也让涉案虚拟币处置问题第一次出现在公众视野。

由于笔者一直从事虚拟币刑事案件的辩护,早在 plus token 案之前,就接触过涉案虚拟币处置,彼时涉案虚拟币处置并无一定之规,有的办案单位把嫌疑人提出来,让嫌疑人自己在交易平台上去卖币,还有的让嫌疑人家属代嫌疑人在交易平台上卖币,也有的让嫌疑人自行委托第三方公司代为变现,plus token 案出现后,委托第三方公司处置成了主流。无论哪种方式,嫌疑人的自愿性都饱受质疑。

我们姑且把这个阶段称之为第三方公司处置 1.0 阶段。1.0 阶段,第三方公司处置的方式就是找大宗 otc 商,由 otc 商将虚拟币吃掉,再分别到市场上面去找买家,otc 商赚取兑换的差价,而第三方公司则是赚取服务费。

第三方公司的服务费是这样赚取的,比如说约定了处置服务费是 15%,第三方公司从司法机关那里拿到 100 块钱的涉案虚拟币,找 otc 商处置完了之后,只需要转回给司法机关 85 块钱即可,也就是说第三方公司在处置过程中实时可以获取利润,且利润不菲。至于手续费为什么这么高,第三方公司给出的解释是:币价波动、交易磨损等。

无论是让嫌疑人本人处置、家属处置,还是第三方公司找 otc 商处置,有没有法律依据呢?不能说没有。2017 年 9 月 4 日,央行等七部门发布了《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》,该公告第三段是加强代币融资交易平台的管理,具体内容包括本公告发布之日起,任何所谓的代币融资交易平台不得从事法定货币与代币、「虚拟货币」相互之间的兑换业务,不得买卖或作为中央对手方买卖代币或「虚拟货币」,不得为代币或「虚拟货币」提供定价、信息中介等服务。

仔细看,94《公告》规范的是代币融资交易平台,没有规范个人,所以最终由 otc 商去变现,没啥大毛病。

但也不是完全没问题,由于涉案虚拟币处置还是个小众业务,且有超额利润,由此也滋生了一些不法问题,比如权钱交易问题,办案人员私吞虚拟币,第三方公司拿着司法机关暂存的虚拟币到市场上开单赔光,otc 商故意到市场上收黑钱打到涉案专用账户(反正专用账户不怕被查封冻结),也有很多 otc 商因涉及黑钱被异地司法机关打击,等等,总之很是热闹。

2021 年,随着司法机关对于币圈打击力度加大,大大小小的处置公司如雨后春笋一样,我曾经在一篇文章中是这样描述的:

镰刀比韭菜多。

2021 年 9 月,发生了一件改变涉案虚拟币处置格局的大事,9 月 15 日,央行等十部门发布了《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》,史称「924《通知》」。其中谈道:虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动。开展法定货币与虚拟货币兑换业务、虚拟货币之间的兑换业务、作为中央对手方买卖虚拟货币、为虚拟货币交易提供信息中介和定价服务、代币发行融资以及虚拟货币衍生品交易等虚拟货币相关业务活动涉嫌非法发售代币票券、擅自公开发行证券、非法经营期货业务、非法集资等非法金融活动,一律严格禁止,坚决依法取缔。

相比 94《公告》,禁止上述行为前面的「主体」没了,94《公告》规范的是代币融资交易平台,而 924《通知》没有明确主体,规范的是「一切」,公司不能做,平台不能做,个人也不能做。

以往由第三方公司组织一群 otc 商进行变现的处置方式,行不通了。

国内行不通,那就把业务搞到国外去,第三方公司处置 2.0 阶段应运而生。2.0 阶段,所有的处置公司的 PPT 介绍当中,无一例外地将「境外处置」作为本公司的核心卖点,但真的是境外处置吗?未必。

实际上,此间绝大多数的虚拟币处置,还是通过境内对敲来完成的,只不过进入司法机关账户上的钱,是从海外回来的,但此钱非彼钱。需要解释一下,当时结汇回来的钱,并不要求和虚拟币处置的钱一一对应,也就是说回来的钱究竟是不是海外处置的虚拟币,无从考证。

笔者这样说是有依据的,一是,南方某省市有那么几个牛人,被异地公安机关立案侦查,案由就是「非法处置」,二是,有处置公司向笔者咨询如何合规处置虚拟币,并坦言「那几个人被抓了之后,所有做处置的都停摆了」,三是究竟是不是境外处置,司法机关只认结汇单。而那几个人,就是能搞到结汇单的人。

第三方公司处置 2.0 阶段,还有这么几项变化:一是,处置手续费大幅下降。随着全国各地待处置虚拟币越来越多,处置业务越来越透明,加之处置公司相互竞争,处置手续费逐步降低至 10 个点以下,笔者甚至听说过 4 个点的情况。二是,部分地方政府介入虚拟币处置工作,将待处置资产包进行公开招投标,处置现场纪委、政法委、财政局等司法机关之外的相关部门督导。三是,手续费实行财政收支两条线,过去是第三方公司拿走 100 块钱的币还回来 85 块钱,现在是第三方公司拿走 100 块钱的币,得给财政还回来 100 块钱,再通过财政支出的方式将事先约定的手续费支付给第三方公司。

在这个阶段,一些成名已久的、早年赚到大钱的第三方处置(配侦)公司不再亲自下场从事具体的处置业务了,往往是将待处置资产分包给多个团队进行处置,一是为了中间设置防火墙,二是为了工作更好开展。

终于,2024 年,最高人民法院下场,将「涉案虚拟货币处置问题研究」作为 2024 年度司法研究重大课题,课题组至少包括北京、重庆、深圳的高校和司法机关,笔者也有幸参加了北京、重庆的部分调研活动,会上了解的情况不便透露,仅结合网络上公开可查的新闻通稿来聊一聊第三方公司处置 3.0 阶段。

第三方公司处置 3.0 阶段之前的一段时间,由于如何处置各地都把不准脉,处置工作又停了一段时间,网上盛传,目前我国各地司法机关待处置涉案虚拟币的市值是个非常夸张的数字。而香港的出现,让涉案虚拟币处置看到了一条合规之路。

比如,前段时间,北京率先公布了通过北京产权交易所借路香港进行涉案虚拟币处置的成功经验,据笔者了解,其他地区也都在探索通过香港进行合规化处置,通过笔者对此分析认为,虽然各家的做法不尽相同,但万变不离其宗,其中或存在「万能公式」。

第一,合规涉案虚拟币处置离不开外管局和国内银行,外汇的流入,必然要报外管局备案,经银行通道回国,既然是经银行通道回国,那么香港的银行机构也是离不开的。第二,按照香港银行业的规定,以及香港持牌交易平台的要求,香港银行不能作为主体在交易平台开户,那么就需要一个香港本地的、可以在交易平台开户的机构。第三,机构在交易平台将涉案虚拟币处置后,将钱款转至香港银行,由主体报外管局备案,将结汇钱款经香港银行转至国内银行。

至于这个公式之外的机构,是可以随意替换的,公司也好,交易所也罢,并非必不可少的一环。

由此,笔者给出如下建议:一是涉案虚拟数字货币的处置主体应当是省一级司法机关,二是建议由上级部门牵头,省一级司法机关和国有银行总行建立「绿色通道」,司法机关在银行开立涉案虚拟币处置专用账户,委托国有银行总行代为处置。三是国有银行总行充分利用香港或其他可以合法处置的境外分支机构,完成涉案虚拟币在境外的合法处置。

总之,减少不必要的流通环节,将处置利润收归国有,实现处置效能最大化。

前不久,《人民法院报》刊发了题为《刑事涉案虚拟货币处置:挑战、创新与司法担当》的文章,文章指出,「可以探索在人民银行、外汇管理等部门备案、监管下,委托有资质的第三方机构,在境外虚拟货币合法的司法管辖区,如香港,通过合规持牌交易平台,将虚拟货币按照市场价格兑换为法定货币,在境外变现后,参照国家外汇管理局《关于人民法院在涉外司法活动中开立外汇账户及办理外汇收支有关问题的函》的规定办理」。

希望《人民法院报》的上级单位最高人民法院在充分调研各地区实践经验和各课题组调查研究的基础上,早日拿出规范性指导文件,彻底规范涉案虚拟币处置工作。

最后,还是笔者经常挂在嘴边的那句话:

「从来没有一种事物像比特币一样,让法律如此纠结」。

Trending Cryptos

Related Reads

U.S. Stocks Trend (June 24): Korean Stock Plunge Ripples Global Chip Sector, Micron Tumbles Over 10%, Long-Term Supply Certainty Faces a 'Hard Test'

US Stock Market Trend (June 24): South Korean Market Plunge Disrupts Global Chips, Micron Drops Over 10%, Long-Term Supply Certainty Faces Hard Test On Monday, the South Korean KOSPI index plunged 10%, with SK Hynix and Samsung dropping over 12%, triggered by rumors that SK Hynix might slow its HBM4 production expansion. This shock quickly spread to the U.S. semiconductor sector. Micron plummeted 13.18% to $1,051.77, SanDisk fell 13.64%, and Marvell declined 8%. The Philadelphia Semiconductor Index closed down 7.87%, while the Nasdaq fell 2.21% to 25,587.04 points. The sell-off particularly hit memory chip stocks. Defensive sectors showed relative resilience, with gains in stocks like IBM and Johnson & Johnson. Market volatility spiked, with the VIX index jumping 12.79%. Commodities weakened, with WTI crude oil hitting a near three-month low and gold falling below $4,100. The core issue is not a challenge to AI demand itself, but a market reassessment of overly optimistic capacity expectations for memory chips, especially HBM. The rumor about SK Hynix undermined perceived certainty in the AI infrastructure cycle. Key upcoming events include Thursday's PCE inflation data, which will influence Fed rate expectations, and Micron's earnings report. The market will focus on Micron's HBM gross margins and its long-term capacity guidance. The shift indicates the AI investment cycle is moving from euphoria to rational pricing. Large institutions are questioning the sustainability of AI-related capital expenditure growth. Micron's repricing from an "AI infrastructure staple" to a more cyclical stock highlights this change. Thursday's data and earnings represent a critical juncture for assessing long-term supply certainty, which has now significantly decreased.

marsbit6m ago

U.S. Stocks Trend (June 24): Korean Stock Plunge Ripples Global Chip Sector, Micron Tumbles Over 10%, Long-Term Supply Certainty Faces a 'Hard Test'

marsbit6m ago

Preferred Stock Is Not the Trigger for Corporate Bankruptcy, MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027

Preferred Shares Are Not the Catalyst for Corporate Bankruptcy; MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027. This article analyzes the nature of preferred shares used by MicroStrategy (MSTR). Legally equity but economically similar to debt, these shares, including its Bitcoin-linked STR convertible preferred notes (STRC), offer fixed or floating dividends. Crucially, MicroStrategy's preferred shares lack rigid redemption clauses, meaning they are not classified as traditional debt. This eliminates principal repayment pressure and means missed dividends do not constitute default or trigger bankruptcy, creating a "self-contradictory virtuous cycle." The article clarifies that if funds are short, MicroStrategy can defer or suspend preferred share dividends (except for non-cumulative types like STRD) without immediate risk. The real potential crisis point lies with its convertible bonds. If a prolonged bear market prevents conversion, MicroStrategy might need to sell Bitcoin to repay these bonds starting from the earliest maturity in September 2027, potentially creating a downward spiral. Preferred dividend suspensions would only exacerbate market panic in such a scenario. Recent financial activity shows MicroStrategy strengthened its position through four weeks of common stock (MSTR) issuances, raising over $851 million without issuing new preferred shares. It increased its dollar reserves to approximately $1.4 billion, which is sufficient to cover all preferred share dividends and interest until around March 2027. While Bitcoin purchases slowed recently, this prioritization of cash reserves enhances the company's near-term financial safety. The analysis concludes that if the Bitcoin bear market ends by early 2025 as anticipated, MicroStrategy can resume issuing MSTR stock in a rising market to replenish reserves and manage future dividend obligations, thereby reducing the long-term pressure from its preferred share structure.

marsbit1h ago

Preferred Stock Is Not the Trigger for Corporate Bankruptcy, MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027

marsbit1h ago

Giants Wage the Context War, Reconstructing AI Moats

The article "Giants Launch the Context War, Reconstructing AI's Moat" discusses how leading AI companies—OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google—are shifting their competitive focus from model size to acquiring, managing, and utilizing user context (Context). Initially, Context referred to the length of text a model could process, leading to a "arms race" for longer context windows. However, the competition has evolved through three key phases: expanding text capacity (long context windows), enabling memory across sessions, and finally, integrating AI into real user environments like browsers and desktops to capture dynamic task states. Each company is pursuing a distinct strategy. OpenAI is building Context around the ChatGPT account, turning it into a central hub that accumulates user understanding across various integrated applications and tools. Anthropic, lacking a major user base, focuses on high-value verticals like coding, empowering its Claude model to actively gather Context through GUI interaction (Computer Use) and system connections (MCP protocol). Google, with vast existing user data from products like Search and Gmail, faces the challenge of restructuring this data into actionable, AI-understandable Context for its Gemini model within its ecosystem. The core argument is that the nature of competitive advantage in AI is changing. The internet era prized network effects—connecting more users. The AI era values "individual depth": the ability to build deep, task-specific understanding of a user. This creates a new moat through 1) the compounding value of accumulated Context, 2) deep integration with user tools and permissions, and 3) the establishment of trust for complex tasks. Therefore, the battle for Context is fundamentally about capturing "task entry points" and converting existing digital ecosystems into environments where AI can effectively understand and act, rather than merely scaling user numbers.

marsbit2h ago

Giants Wage the Context War, Reconstructing AI Moats

marsbit2h ago

Foundation Steps Back, Ethlabs Steps Forward: Ethereum Undergoes Its Largest Restructuring in History

On June 23rd, the Ethereum ecosystem witnessed two major shifts, signaling a significant governance realignment. First, former Ethereum Foundation researchers established Ethlabs, a new independent non-profit. Backed by major ETH holders like Bitmine and SharpLink, Ethlabs aims to address practical needs for institutional adoption, including faster settlement, native asset issuance, cross-chain transactions, and mainnet scaling. Secondly, the Ethereum Foundation announced a major restructuring, laying off 54 employees (20% of its staff) to become a leaner entity focused on protocol governance and maintenance rather than being the primary builder. This move represents a pivotal correction. Criticisms had mounted over the Foundation's perceived slowness, lack of clear strategy, and over-reliance on Vitalik Buterin's influence. Ethlabs emerges as a more execution-oriented, "industrialized" layer focused on market adoption—bridging the gap between research and real-world use. Notably, Vitalik Buterin is absent from its list of supporters, interpreted as an intentional step to avoid excessive personal endorsement and allow the organization to build independent credibility. The Ethereum Foundation's downsizing and redefinition mark a retreat from its former central coordinating role. It now aims to share the "privilege of stewarding Ethereum" with other emerging groups like Ethlabs, the Ethereum Applications Guild, and The Ethereum Economic Zone. Analysts frame this dual shift as the Foundation ensuring Ethereum remains "correct" (credibly neutral), while Ethlabs must prove it remains "effective" (competitive and attractive for capital and adoption). This addresses community "shareholder-like anxiety" about ETH's market performance. While risks exist—such as concerns over shifting from Foundation centrality to large-holder influence—the consensus is that the greater risk for Ethereum was inaction, caught between technical idealism and organizational inertia. These steps aim to create a more multi-stakeholder, execution-driven future for the network.

链捕手9h ago

Foundation Steps Back, Ethlabs Steps Forward: Ethereum Undergoes Its Largest Restructuring in History

链捕手9h ago

Trading

Spot
Futures

Hot Articles

What is $BITCOIN

DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): A Comprehensive Analysis Introduction to DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a blockchain-based project operating on the Solana network, which aims to combine the characteristics of traditional precious metals with the innovation of decentralized technologies. While it shares a name with Bitcoin, often referred to as “digital gold” due to its perception as a store of value, DIGITAL GOLD is a separate token designed to create a unique ecosystem within the Web3 landscape. Its goal is to position itself as a viable alternative digital asset, although specifics regarding its applications and functionalities are still developing. What is DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a cryptocurrency token explicitly designed for use on the Solana blockchain. In contrast to Bitcoin, which provides a widely recognized value storage role, this token appears to focus on broader applications and characteristics. Notable aspects include: Blockchain Infrastructure: The token is built on the Solana blockchain, known for its capacity to handle high-speed and low-cost transactions. Supply Dynamics: DIGITAL GOLD has a maximum supply capped at 100 quadrillion tokens (100P $BITCOIN), although details regarding its circulating supply are currently undisclosed. Utility: While precise functionalities are not explicitly outlined, there are indications that the token could be utilized for various applications, potentially involving decentralized applications (dApps) or asset tokenization strategies. Who is the Creator of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? At present, the identity of the creators and development team behind DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) remains unknown. This situation is typical among many innovative projects within the blockchain space, particularly those aligning with decentralized finance and meme coin phenomena. While such anonymity may foster a community-driven culture, it intensifies concerns about governance and accountability. Who are the Investors of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? The available information indicates that DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) does not have any known institutional backers or prominent venture capital investments. The project seems to operate on a peer-to-peer model focused on community support and adoption rather than traditional funding routes. Its activity and liquidity are primarily situated on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), such as PumpSwap, rather than established centralized trading platforms, further highlighting its grassroots approach. How DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) Works The operational mechanics of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) can be elaborated on based on its blockchain design and network attributes: Consensus Mechanism: By leveraging Solana’s unique proof-of-history (PoH) combined with a proof-of-stake (PoS) model, the project ensures efficient transaction validation contributing to the network's high performance. Tokenomics: While specific deflationary mechanisms have not been extensively detailed, the vast maximum token supply implies that it may cater to microtransactions or niche use cases that are still to be defined. Interoperability: There exists the potential for integration with Solana’s broader ecosystem, including various decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. However, the details regarding specific integrations remain unspecified. Timeline of Key Events Here is a timeline that highlights significant milestones concerning DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): 2023: The initial deployment of the token occurs on the Solana blockchain, marked by its contract address. 2024: DIGITAL GOLD gains visibility as it becomes available for trading on decentralized exchanges like PumpSwap, allowing users to trade it against SOL. 2025: The project witnesses sporadic trading activity and potential interest in community-led engagements, although no noteworthy partnerships or technical advancements have been documented as of yet. Critical Analysis Strengths Scalability: The underlying Solana infrastructure supports high transaction volumes, which could enhance the utility of $BITCOIN in various transaction scenarios. Accessibility: The potential low trading price per token could attract retail investors, facilitating wider participation due to fractional ownership opportunities. Risks Lack of Transparency: The absence of publicly known backers, developers, or an audit process may yield skepticism regarding the project's sustainability and trustworthiness. Market Volatility: The trading activity is heavily reliant on speculative behavior, which can result in significant price volatility and uncertainty for investors. Conclusion DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) emerges as an intriguing yet ambiguous project within the rapidly evolving Solana ecosystem. While it attempts to leverage the “digital gold” narrative, its departure from Bitcoin's established role as a store of value underscores the need for a clearer differentiation of its intended utility and governance structure. Future acceptance and adoption will likely depend on addressing the current opacity and defining its operational and economic strategies more explicitly. Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

436 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of BTC (BTC) are presented below.

活动图片