Coinbase 月度展望:全球货币体系转向,比特币开始上桌谈判

深潮Published on 2025-05-15Last updated on 2025-05-15

根据报告保守估算,若全球储备体系逐步纳入比特币,其总市值有望新增约 1.2 万亿美元。

撰文:David Duong, CFA - Global Head of Research

编译:Daisy,ChainCatcher

编者按:

本文整理自 Coinbase 最新发布的月度展望研究报告。报告指出,随着美国「双赤字」持续扩大、贸易保护主义加剧,市场对美元的信心不断削弱,全球或将迎来一轮大规模的资产组合重构。在这一背景下,比特币因具备主权中立、不受资本管制等特性,正被越来越多国家视为潜在的超国家储备资产。根据报告保守估算,若全球储备体系逐步纳入比特币,其总市值有望新增约 1.2 万亿美元。

以下内容为报告要点的编译与整理。

摘要

全球资本流动正因贸易保护主义加剧而被重新塑造,美元作为全球储备货币的主导地位正受到挑战。随着美国财政赤字和贸易赤字持续扩大,债务水平走上不可持续之路,市场对美元作为避险资产的信心正在动摇。这一趋势可能导致美元资金流入出现逆转,促使全球大型机构重新调整资产配置,从长期来看,美元或将面临持续且显著的抛售压力。

值得注意的是,我们认为,过去几个月的动荡进一步加剧了美元主导地位十年来的下滑趋势。接下来的变化,可能成为比特币乃至整个加密市场的关键转折点。当前美元体系的变化,使得黄金和比特币这类储值资产在新兴的货币格局中成为更具吸引力的替代选择。黄金被《巴塞尔协议 III》从第三级资产提升为第一级资产,就是一个典型例证。尤其是比特币,凭借其主权中立、不受制裁和资本管制影响的特性,有望成为国际贸易中可行的超国家记账单位。

我们认为,美元需求的下降可能促使更多国家推进国际储备多元化。根据保守估算,这一趋势有望为比特币市值带来约 1.2 万亿美元的增量。这也部分解释了为何越来越多国家开始关注战略性比特币储备,进一步凸显比特币在地缘政治中的日益重要地位。

危险年代的延续

在过去半个世纪里,美国的经济管理模式经历了深刻转变。自上世纪 70 年代滞涨危机以来,米尔顿·弗里德曼等经济学家对凯恩斯主义的需求管理理论提出质疑,推动了现代中央银行制度的形成——这一制度以稳定通胀目标和「自然失业率」理论为核心基础。此后,这一框架通过中央银行的政治独立性得以制度化,央行主要依靠利率政策(以及后来的部分宏观审慎工具)来调控货币供应,实现经济稳定。

多年来,这一框架正面临来自财政激进主义的持续压力,包括大规模赤字支出和数万亿美元级别的刺激计划。尽管部分支出确实是为应对全球金融危机和新冠疫情等挑战所必需,但美国债务与 GDP 的比率已从 2008 年的 63% 飙升至当前约 122%,显然已走上不可持续的轨道。此外,美联储在 2022 至 2023 年期间的激进加息,使美国政府的借贷成本显著上升,相关利息支出的激增进一步加剧了财政赤字问题。见图 1。

在这种背景下,贸易保护主义的抬头可能重塑全球资本流动格局。美元作为避险资产的地位正受到冲击,这意味着一些大型机构(如非美国的养老金、寿险公司和主权财富基金等)可能会改变以往的投资策略。过去二十年间,这些机构在约 33 万亿美元的美元资产敞口中(包括 14.6 万亿美元的债券和 18.4 万亿美元的股票),约有一半并未进行系统性对冲(来源:路透社)。我们认为,未来几个月乃至几年内,全球范围内或将出现新一轮大规模的资产组合调整。见图 2。

这并非美国首次因「双赤字」(即财政赤字和贸易赤字同时扩大)而导致美元资金流入逆转,但这一次的发生,恰逢全球经济格局发生深刻变化。我们认为,当前世界正处于美元体系重大转型的过程中,这一趋势可能引发新一轮大规模的美元抛售压力。

即便报复性关税最终被取消,我们仍认为上述趋势难以逆转。原因在于:(1)信心冲击的影响已在众多投资者心中留下深刻印象;(2)关税下调和减税将削弱政府财政收入,进一步加大赤字压力。当然,美元走弱在一定程度上有助于通过降低利息成本,以「通胀」方式减轻债务负担,同时可能提振美国出口。然而,这一过程的代价是削弱了美元作为储值工具和全球储备货币的可信度,加速了市场对替代资产的寻找。

当我们在 2023 年 12 月探讨「去美元化」这一主题时,曾指出美元正处于一个关键拐点,但当时认为这一进程可能需要「许多代人」的时间才能真正实现。然而,近几个月发生的一系列事件似乎显著加快了这一进程。事实上,美元影响力的下滑早已有迹可循——哈佛大学经济学家、加密货币批评者肯尼斯·罗格夫曾指出,美元霸权的顶峰大约出现在 2015 年,而自俄乌战争爆发以来,由于对俄罗斯的制裁,这一趋势进一步加速。

下一个风口

但问题在于,替代方案在哪里?当货币体系经历根本性变革、货币价值的基础被重新定义时,黄金以及近年来受到广泛关注的比特币等储值资产往往变得尤为重要。事实上,近几周,比特币「数字黄金」的定位日益清晰,特别是在风险调整后表现优于美股的背景下,其价值优势更加凸显。Coinbase 资产管理公司在一份最新报告中指出,未来十年,全球储值资产市场可能将从当前的 20 万亿美元增长至 53 万亿美元,预计年均实际回报率(经通胀调整)可达 6%。

其逻辑在于,将比特币和黄金等资产纳入投资组合,有助于实现风险分散(我们此前已有相关分析),并在经济体系转型期间提升回报的稳定性。尽管比特币的波动性高于黄金,但其更高的潜在收益可与黄金的稳定性形成互补,从而构建出一种更为平衡的财富保值策略。

此外,我们认为,比特币不受政府随意征用和资本管制的影响,这一点显著区别于黄金。一个典型案例是,1934 年罗斯福签署《黄金法案》,禁止私人持有黄金,并强制将其交由美国财政部托管。在国际层面,由于黄金依赖传统金融基础设施和实物托管(如银行和金库),在大规模持有时容易面临制裁风险;而比特币则具备可由各类收入群体实现数字自主管理的能力。以 2022 年为例,俄罗斯在友好国家存放的 2000 多吨黄金遭到冻结,无法变现。至于资本管制,阿根廷前几届政府不仅限制公民获取美元,还禁止出售黄金,以防资本外流。

正因如此,我们将比特币视为一种超国家的储值资产,并认为其在构建国际贸易中的货币信用方面具有独特优势。目前,全球超过 80% 的国际贸易仍以美元结算(见图 4),但随着全球逐步迈向多极化体系,越来越多国家对在国际收支中持续依赖美元作为中介感到不安。然而,现实中可供选择的替代方案仍然非常有限。

例如,经常账户顺差国家的货币在全球范围内的流通量可能不足(这正是经济学家罗伯特·特里芬提出的「特里芬难题」,他曾建议通过设立新的储备货币单位来应对这一问题)。与此同时,由于欧元区财政政策高度分散,以及欧洲央行在制度上的诸多限制,尽管欧元是全球第二大储备货币,其影响力仍远远不及美元。

我们认为,对于政治敏感的贸易关系,尤其是经常账户顺差国家而言,具备抗审查性和主权中立性的资产(即超国家资产)将更具吸引力。当然,这类资产的选择十分有限,因此比特币可能是目前最具潜力的竞争者。从长期来看,这可能为比特币带来巨大的非对称上涨空间。但需要注意的是,其广泛普及仍可能受到限制,原因在于许多国家不愿放弃对本国货币政策的主导权。当然,鉴于当前大多数商品仍以美元计价,从实际运行角度看,美联储实际上已在很大程度上影响着全球多数央行的政策方向。

为何是现在?

这也正是我们强调不要将「储值资产」和「抗通胀资产」混为一谈的原因,尽管两者密切相关。我们将「储值资产」定义为在长期投资周期中能够维持其价值的资产,而「抗通胀资产」则是用于在短期内应对物价冲击、保护购买力的工具。一项资产即便是优质的储值工具,也不一定是有效的抗通胀手段,反之亦然。

从这个角度来看,我们认为流入比特币的潜在资本规模可能非常可观,尤其是在 2025 年,加密货币有望真正迈入主流市场。比特币持有量出现激增(见图 5),主要得益于现货比特币 ETF 等投资工具的推出,大幅降低了投资门槛;同时,过去五年中市场的流动性和深度也显著提升。除比特币之外,加密支付领域也开始加速发展,越来越多的机构参与者正逐步认识到区块链基础设施在提升效率和控制成本方面的独特优势。

比特币投资者基础的不断扩大,正与多个国家(以及美国部分州)建立战略性比特币储备(或数字资产储备)的举措同步推进。2025 年 3 月,白宫通过行政命令,正式设立战略比特币储备,所使用的是美国政府查封的比特币,总量约为 19.8 万个 BTC。值得注意的是,中国或为全球第二大国家级比特币持有者,估计持有约 19 万个 BTC,主要同样来源于查封资产,尽管目前尚未正式启动比特币储备计划。与此同时,捷克、芬兰、德国、日本、波兰和瑞士等国家也正在研究将比特币纳入国家储备体系的可行性。

相比之下,根据国际货币基金组织(IMF)和世界黄金协会的数据,截至 2024 年底,全球地上黄金储量已超过 21.6 万吨,其中国家央行和主权财政部门持有约 17%(约合 3.6 万亿美元)作为储备。另一方面,受 2024 年汇率波动影响,全球外汇储备在当年 2024 年第四季度从 12.75 万亿美元降至 12.36 万亿美元。这意味着黄金持有量(不计入外汇储备统计)目前约占全球综合国际储备的 23%,而十年前仅为 10%。此外,《巴塞尔协议 III》将于 2025 年 7 月 1 日正式生效,届时黄金将从第三级资产被重新分类为第一级「高质量流动资产」,这也可能进一步推动全球去美元化的资产配置进程。

随着对美元的需求减弱,我们认为未来将有更多国家寻求对其外汇储备进行多元化配置。保守估计,如果全球总国际储备中仅有 10% 用于配置比特币,长期来看,比特币的总市值有望因此增加约 1.2 万亿美元。

结论

全球货币体系正在发生重大转变,表现为对美国财政和贸易政策的担忧加剧,以及美元主导地位的逐步削弱,这为替代性储值资产创造了独特的发展机遇。我们认为,比特币因其主权中立、不受国际制裁影响等特性,且正逐步被越来越多国家视为潜在的战略储备资产,未来有望从这一趋势中显著受益。同时,《巴塞尔协议 III》对黄金资产类别的重新划分,以及部分央行黄金增持步伐的放缓,也进一步印证了这一结构性转变。综合来看,我们认为全球正加速摆脱对美元的传统依赖,比特币有可能成为未来全球金融体系中的关键组成部分。

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519 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

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